Gilgunnia Gold

by John ‘Nugget’ Campbell

The former gold mining town of Gilgunnia, NSW, is 110km south of Cobar and 146km north of Hillston, but not much exists there today. There’s a rest area with a small historical mining display and some local history information on the rest stop sign, and that’s about it. Most likely because it was at the intersection of three major roads and on a travelling stock route, the Gilgunnia Hotel was established there in 1873 by Mr and Mrs Kruge, and things moved along at a typical outback pace until small amounts of alluvial gold were found in the area around 1887. This didn’t cause too much excitement but the discovery was enough to fire the imaginations of a few serious prospectors and eventually the first payable reef gold was discovered by John “Jackey” Owen in 1895. He went on to discover other notable mineral fields. By June 1895 there were about 450 men on the field with 17 claims on payable gold. There was good gold showing in the reefs and by October there were a number of mines operating including the No.1 North; No.2 West; the Hand in Hand; The Off Chance; Riley’s; the Mount Allen Syndicate; the Rising Sun; The Dream (later to become Her Dream); the FourMile; Keep It Dark; Australian Natives; Tarcombe; The Welcome, White Reef; and Talbot and Cranes. No.1 North and Australian Natives were the deepest at 100 feet and still showing good gold.

Above: John ‘Jackey’ Owen, discoverer of the first payable reef at Gilgunnia

By November 1895 the miners were calling for a battery to be erected and some of the ore was extremely rich, with one mine sending six tons of ore to the Clyde works in Sydney for a yield of seven ounces per ton. A report in June 1896 noted that the lack of water had held up mining but rains had recently filled the tanks; it also noted that the much-needed battery was being constructed and that there were at least 1,000 tons of stone waiting to be crushed. In the same month, one troubled miner suicided by putting a stick of Rackarock (explosive consisting of potassium chlorate and nitrobenzene) with a slow fuse and detonator into his mouth and lighting it. The papers noted that this wasn’t uncommon on mining fields. On the 28th of July the first battery was officially declared open with Mr Maschwitz being the proprietor, and a celebratory ball was held in the evening. Most crushings ended up yielding about an ounce of gold per ton but in 1897 the Her Dream Mine was an exception when, in December, it treated 51 tons for just over 106oz of gold. It had produced 666oz of gold from its last five crushings and paid a dividend of five guineas per share, there being some 80 shares in the venture. The town of Gilgunnia was declared in 1897 and this pretty much coincided with its peak population of 1,000 residents who were serviced by a court house, police station, school, several general stores, three pubs, a billiards hall, a dance hall and various other retail establishments. There was no mention of a church. By 1898 the newspapers had lost a lot of interest in the field but reported that crushings of an ounce per ton were still the average, with the Her Dream Mine usually producing a slightly better yield. Water was still a problem – either a lack of it or too much courtesy of torrential rain.

The Royal Hotel closed in 1898 leaving thirst-quenching duties to Tattersalls and The Commercial. In September of that year another miner became deranged, first threatening his family and then cutting his own throat. It was not clear if he passed away but it was noted that he was the son of the miner who had suicided in 1896. The total gold yield for the field in 1898 was just over 628oz with Her Dream (sometimes called The Dream) accounting for more than 375oz. At the other end of the scale the Hidden Treasure lived up to the negative connotations of its name and produced one solitary ounce of gold for the entire year. By the middle of 1899 the battery was out of commission waiting for the arrival of new shoes and dies. Some mines were now down to the 180-foot level without rich ore being discovered. On April 6th, Ah Clun, one of the Chinese market gardeners who supplied the town with vegetables grown at Boggy Tank, was found almost dead with multiple cuts, bruises and broken bones. It was claimed his mate, Ah Pling, had tried to murder him with an axe, rod and slasher. Ah Clun was conveyed to the pub then on to Nymagee Hospital. Constable Macpherson covered a lot of ground and eventually tracked down the culprit and arrested him on the road to Nymagee. In December 1899, Her Dream crushed 85 tons for a fabulous return of 603oz of gold.

The Tattersalls Hotel, Gilgunnia, 1922. It later became the post office but by then Gilgunnia was more of a reference point on a map than an actual town

A year later several mines had closed and some were on tribute but Her Dream was still the standout mine and was now down to 200 feet. In early December 1900 it crushed 50 tons for 107oz and later that same month, 141 tons for 262oz of gold. The entire gold output for the field in 1901 was 927oz from 431 tons however 273 ounces of that came from Her Dream’s December crushing of 150 tons. An earlier crushing in August had yielded more than 8oz to the ton so it is clear that most of the other mines still operating were on their last legs. During the year the Gilgunnia Battery Company had erected two 60-ton cyanide vats to treat the tailings and it was hoped that this plant would help the profitability of existing mines. By now the town had shrunk to one pub, a post office, the police station, two small general stores, a butcher, a few scattered mostly empty houses and the battery. The battery and cyaniding plant were eventually sold to Her Dream in August 1902. Most mines, including Her Dream, were still averaging about one ounce to the ton but in October, Seigal and Sons at the Last Chance, produced nearly 69oz from 17 tons. In July 1905, Mr Helm, the much admired school headmaster who had started the school in January 1896, was promoted and posted to Blayney. Although there were still 18 pupils attending the school, a new teacher, Mr F. Bisley, wasn’t appointed until July 1907 but he didn’t accept the posting and the school closed the same month. Mining struggled along until 1907 when the Her Dream Mine and also the battery and cyaniding plant it owned, went into liquidation. The mine hadn’t been profitable for two years and was down to the 260-foot level. In 1913 Mr Wallace obtained the Her Dream mine with high hopes of making his fortune but water in the mine proved his undoing.

In 1915 a Cobar syndicate tried to dewater Her Dream. This was the only work being carried out on the field and it ultimately proved unsuccessful. In 1917 another local syndicate tried to get Her Dream back up and running and struggled with the water problem into 1918, to no avail. As for the town, the only decent building still standing was Tattersalls Hotel, the police station having been “abolished” in December 1915. The years rolled by until Mr A. Hodge, with more hope than good sense, assumed ownership of Her Dream in 1936 and had two men install 200 feet of ladders. Fortune did not favour him. In 1939, Her Dream’s charms managed to attract the Seigal Brothers who laboured through until the end of 1940 for little or no result. Since the Second World War the only activity on the field was an open cut operation that started back in the early 1990s but it came to nothing. The town of Gilgunnia and the mines that feasted on its reefs fended off droughts, fires, the Spanish Flu epidemic, heatwaves, duststorms, frost and grasshopper plagues but couldn’t survive when water was struck at depth and gold at depth was too expensive to mine.

MINER BLOWS HIS HEAD OFF

Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal Friday, 12th June, 1896

At the Four Mile, near Gilgunnia goldfield, on Wednesday morning, a miner named McLaughlin committed suicide in a most determined manner. About 7.30am, a miner named Talbott, whose camp is distant some 30 yards from that of McLaughlin, was aroused by a loud report, but owing to the dense fog prevailing at the time could not locate the direction. About half-an-hour later, however, he went to McLaughlin’s tent and was horrified to find the deceased lying on bis back on his bed with the whole of his face and front portion of his head blown away, and the brain exposed. Portions of the brain and parts of the skull, teeth, and beard were lying scattered around the bed, floor, and side of the tent. Pieces of bone and beard were also scattered outside the tent from the force of the explosion. Rackarock was evidently the means employed to effect his purpose. Half a plug of the explosive was missing from the Moonlight claim on which McLaughlin’s claim was situated, and also a short piece of fuse which he must have secured on Tuesday night or very early on Wednesday morning. The explosive he evidently placed in his mouth with the detonator and fuse attached. The facts at present disclose no reason for the rash act. At 8 o’clock on Tuesday evening McLaughlin appeared to be in his usual spirits, and was conversing rationally and cheerfully. He was at one time proprietor of an hotel in Bourke, and was well liked and respected. It is thought that his financial troubles may have affected his reason. The body has been brought into town. An inquest will be held.

Echoes from the past

A FORTUNATE FIND

Sydney Morning Herald

16th July, 1934
A family passing through Mudgee had a fortunate find. They camped on pipeclay, about four miles from Mudgee, and the father started prospecting among the old mining workings, with no results, until his little son, who had been playing on an old mullock heap, scratched the surface and picked up a gold nugget which was found to weight seven ounces. Can you imagine the scene. The boy probably called out, “Is this what you’re looking for Dad?”

WEDDERBURN GOLD RUSH

Sydney Morning Herald

22nd March, 1950
The new Wedderburn gold rush is on in earnest with prospectors coming from all parts of Victoria. After a meeting of the shire council this afternoon, the shire secretary, Mr A. E. Cooper, said: “We will grant as many claims as possible to people wanting to dig the streets, provided the earth is put back in its position. Gold is better out of the ground that in it. It has reached a stage where it is open go.” “We’ll dig up the whole town,” one resident said. Thirty claims have been pegged in Wilson Street – the main road through the town. Claims have also been pegged in Reef Street, off Wilson Street, by people who like the sound of the name. Backyard mining is also on in full swing today. The local publican, Mr R. Baker, and his barmen, spent more time in the mine at the back of the hotel than in the bar. No big find was reported today – only several pieces weighing two or three pennyweights and some specks.

SEARCH FOR A LOST REEF

Sydney Morning Herald

28th March, 1952
Mr Leslie Hall, 56, a bachelor, found a gold nugget valued at £500 six inches below the surface of Wilson Street, Wedderburn, today. He was sinking a shaft when his pick brought up the nugget. It weighed 27 ounces. The place is opposite the home of Mr David Butterick who has dug up a £10,000 fortune from his backyard gold mine. Mr Hall recently took over the claim of another prospector, former greengrocer Albert Smith, who dug up a £1,100 nugget from the spot two years ago, and retired six months ago. He hopes to find a gold reef which old residents of Wedderburn believe runs under Wilson Street. An Italian named Cerchi found the reef during the gold rush last century but it was lost.

FLOODED WITH SPECKS OF GOLD

Sydney Morning Herald

22nd June, 1952
This week’s floods caused an avalanche at Walhalla (population 400) ghost mining town 125 miles east of Melbourne, and poured tons of gold-flecked rock and mud into the streets. Disregarding their wrecked homes, some old prospectors are busy washing paydirt. They predict new prosperity for the township, through which, last century, £10,000,000 of gold passed. But Walhalla faces a new peril before it can think of gold. Waters from Stringer’s Creek are running wildly through the town. Melbourne is rushing pipes and other equipment and teams of men are trying to save Walhalla from its third swift flooding in a week. The first flood cut Walhalla off from the rest of Victoria early this week and no word of the township’s ordeal came to the outside world until yesterday. Water rushed down from the hills carrying a great mass of mullock that had been stacked outside old diggings. Then came an avalanche, a huge landslide from the soaked and crumbling hills. And the gold. There is a glint in the miners’ eyes as they pile up flood defences. They are dreaming of the old Walhalla and its 14 hotels, flashing wealth and thousands of people.

THE GOLD ESCORT ROBBERY

The Herald (Melbourne)

18th July, 1953
It was 100 years ago that a band of desperate bushrangers huddled beside dim lights on the Heathcote goldfields and planned the daring robbery that led three to the gallows of the old Melbourne gaol in Russell Street. The gold they stole was then worth £10,000 and most of it was never found. According to the legends of the hills, the treasure is still believed to be buried in the scrub near Heathcote, once known as McIvor. The weekly gold escort jogged out of this prosperous mining town for Kyneton and Melbourne about 9am on July 20, 1853. In the coach, behind the driver Thomas Fookes, were 46 packages containing 2,323 ounces of gold and nearly £1,000 in cash. Around the coach rode Superintendent Warner, Sergeant Duins and troopers Davis, Morton and Reiswetter. The troopers trotted about 14 miles from McIvor, came to a sharp bend in the road and slowed when they saw a strange palisade of gum tree trunks and branches on a rise beside the dusty track.

Before the suspicious troopers could fumble for their heavy pistols, “a murderous fire was poured on them from the palisade above.” Fookes fell from the coach with a bullet through his knee and a gash across his temple. Morton collapsed with a severe shoulder wound, Reiswetter with a ball in his leg, and Davis with another through his cheeks. Duins, his horse wounded twice, fired his pistol at the bushrangers and galloped off to McIvor for help as Warner rode into the scrub to try to attack the ambushers from a flank.

The wounded men were still groaning on the ground as six bushrangers, wearing heavy guernseys, rifled the coach and thundered into the bush to measure out the gold with powder flasks. By nightfall, when the wounded men had been rescued, about 400 miners and volunteer special constables were searching the bush. But while the searching continued, some of the bushrangers had reached Collingwood and other districts and were trying to board ships listed for Mauritius and other ports. By August 4, rewards offered for the capture of the bushrangers totalled £2,900, one of the biggest in Victorian history. Inquiries were at a dead end when one of the bushrangers, George Francis, suddenly turned informer and gave detectives information that led to the arrest of three men. Soon afterwards, he escaped from his escort and committed suicide. But by then the police were sure they still had two men to find. One – his name was Grey – was never traced. The other, when captured, said his name was John Francis, brother of the dead bushranger, and was willing to turn Queen’s evidence in return for a free pardon.

John Francis received his pardon and was the chief Crown witness on Saturday, September 17, 1853, when George Melville, George Wilson and William Atkins appeared on charges of robbery under arms. The three prisoners were tried, found guilty and hanged but police admitted that they had recovered less than £1,000 worth of the gold. What happened to the bulk of the gold, which today would be worth about £35,000? (Ed. More than $5 million these days). Was it taken from a cache by Grey, the man who was never caught? Was it passed to friends of the condemned men before the police surprised them?

Or is it – as many old bushmen believe – still hidden in the earth near Heathcote from which it was mined 100 years ago?

GOLD BUYER DUPED

Bendigo Advertiser

18th January, 1906
Two men, William Sherwin and Benjamin Evans, were arrested today at Fremantle on a charge of false pretences. It is alleged that the two men are connected with a case of imposition reported recently to the Kalgoorlie detective office. About six months ago Sherwin arrived in Kalgoorlie, and, knowing something about his past activities, the police kept him under surveillance. Four months ago the other man, Evans, came to the district, and almost immediately started betting. Concurrently with the arrival of Evans in Kalgoorlie, Sherwin made the acquaintance of a Boulder resident, Oliver William Osmond, and, posing as a well- informed racing tipster, he occasionally gave his newly-found friend tips.

It is alleged that about a week ago, Sherwin told Osmond, as a great secret, that he (Sherwin) had a brother working as an assayer in one of the big mines, and that his brother had a large quantity of gold to dispose of. The upshot of the conversation was that Osmond agreed to buy the gold himself at a very attractive price. On Thursday last, Osmond met Sherwin and his alleged brother, who was none other than Evans, by appointment. At this interview another meeting was arranged for at 3 o’clock on the following day, when Sherwin and Evans stated that they would have bar gold to the value of £500 with them. The trio met at the appointed time, and Osmond then handed £250 in cash and a post-dated cheque for a smaller amount to Sherwin and Evans, and received what was apparently three 100oz bars of gold in exchange. The sellers of the gold bricks wanted Osmond to pay the full amount in cash, but Osmond declined to do so until he had the bricks assayed. The buyer and the sellers then parted.

Later in the day Osmond, suspecting that he had been duped, chopped one of the bars in two, and found to his sorrow that what he had bought for gold was only copper covered over with gold leaf. He at once communicated with the local detectives and they satisfied themselves as to the identity of the men wanted, and telegraphed the information to Perth, with the result that Sherwin and Evans were arrested at Fremantle today.

FLOGGED FOR FINDING GOLD

The World’s News (Sydney)
11th August, 1951
A convict was triced up for a flogging in Berrima gaol – back bare, hands lashed to rings in the wall above his head, feet manacled.

The lash fell – 60 strokes. And what was this convict’s crime? He had found gold, picked up grains of the precious metal and hidden them in his clothes. Maybe a mate gave him away, for to find gold was a crime in those days. The authorities believed if a gold rush came, every warder would go and leave the prisoners to escape. This was in 1825. The point arises. Why did the convict even look for gold? He must have heard about it being found, and he had.

As far back as 1814, when the road was being built across the Blue Mountains, a gang found large quantities of gold. This was reported to the engineer in charge. He ordered them to keep it secret on pain of being flogged. They had all been promised a pardon when the road was finished, so they kept quiet. The next report came in 1823 when assistant-surveyor James McBrian found gold on the Fish River, 15 miles from Bathurst. In his field book, now preserved in Sydney, he reported, “At eight chains 50 links to river and marked gum tree, found numerous particles of gold in the sand and in the hills convenient to the river.”

Again, in 1830, gold with pyrites, was found in Vale of Clywdd in the Blue Mountains. The discoverer was the Polish scientist Count Strezlecki, who later named Mount Kosciusko. At the urgent request of the Government, he did not make his find public. But 11 years later, an experienced geologist, Rev. W. B. Clarke found gold in the Macquarie Valley, and also at Vale of Clywdd.

Clarke had come to New South Wales “to take charge” of King’s School at Parramatta. His essays on science were the basis for study of such subjects in New South Wales. Without having heard of Strezlecki’s find at Vale of Clywdd, Clarke found gold there and later in the valley of the Macquarie River, near Bathurst. That was in 1844, when the State was reaching out in commerce and trade and barriers were being broken down. Clarke had been in Russia, then practically the only gold- producing country in the world. In 1847, comparing Australia with Russia, he said, “New South Wales will probably on some future day be found wonderfully rich in minerals.”

In the Maitland Mercury of January 31, 1849, he wrote, “It is well known that a gold mine is certain ruin to its first workers, and in the long run gold washing will be found more suitable for slaves than British freemen.”

Incidentally, at that time British freemen were swarming across the Pacific to the Californian fields. Among them was Edward Hammond Hargreaves, who in 1851, found gold at Summer Hill Creek near Bathurst. This was done on his hurried return, after observing that the country, where gold was won in California, resembled the land near Bathurst. He was right; but he was far from being the first man to find gold in Australia. Under any system but a convict one, Australia would have leaped ahead when the road was made over the mountains in 1814 and gold found there. But that is how history is made. The real discoverers never get the credit.

Coolgardie – The rush that saved the west

By John Drain

Arthur Wellesley Bayley and William Ford are accredited with finding the first gold at Coolgardie on September 13th, 1892, however, controversy has existed over the years as to who were the rightful discoverers. The pair were granted the reward claim on 17th September.

Nothing I have ever read on the matter actually attempts to discredit the partners in the finding of the reef or their subsequent sale of it, but there is ample evidence to suggest they may not have been the first to find gold in the vicinity.

Probably the earliest reference to gold believed found in the general area of that part of the country, later to be known as Coolgardie, is reported in the journals of Charles C. Hunt, a surveyor employed by the Western Australian Government to search for and find pastoral country suitable for grazing stock. This work was carried out to the east of the town of York and spread into the goldfield, now known as Hampton Plain, between the years 1864 and 1866. Hunt’s commission also required him to establish watering points such as soaks and wells to enable those who might follow to be able to sustain themselves. For this purpose, he was supplied with several convicts who were to do the manual work, and several pensioner soldiers as guards.

William Ford, c.1900

When they were well into the eastern goldfields the convicts took it into their heads to grab some of the horses and food, and set off overland to make their escape to South Australia. Not being experienced bushmen and probably weakened by the hard work of digging wells, together with a poor staple diet, the convicts were soon overtaken by Hunt’s soldiers. On being returned to camp they were found to be in possession of a small quantity of gold. It seems their wanderings were such and their navigation so poor they were not able to lead Hunt’s party to the spot where the gold was found. It’s likely of course, they may simply have been playing dumb as many do about the whereabouts of gold.

Bayley and Ford first met in Croydon, Queensland, when each was prospecting there. After the Croydon gold ran out, they separated, with Bayley moving to Southern Cross where gold had been discovered in 1888 and which, at the time, was the most eastern field being worked in Western Australia.

One night while Bayley was resting from his work with a mining syndicate, Gilles McPherson, a well-known prospector in the Yilgarn district, staggered into Bayley’s tent having suffered a terrible perish due to the shortage of water. McPherson, a hardy Scotsman, was in a bad way and it took several days nursing on the part of Bayley before he recovered sufficiently to make much sense. He showed Bayley some gold he had found to the east and south that seemed to fit in with the direction from which McPherson had come from Lake Lefroy. McPherson went to great lengths to impress on Bayley the fact that there was some gold out there but also emphasised the terrible shortage of water. Perhaps fired by McPherson’s enthusiasm for prospecting, or simply disenchanted with working for wages, Bayley threw up the job and set off to Nullagine some 1,200 kilometres to the northwest in the Pilbara Goldfield.

Bayley and Ford photographed after being granted the reward claim.

Nullagine produced a lot of alluvial gold between the township and as far east as Mosquito Creek. Bayley found some gold but after a time shifted 200 kilometres south to Top Camp on the Ashburton field. Here he joined with noted prospector Tom Kegney as sharing mates and during their time together they had the good fortune to find a handsome amount of gold, including one 68-ounce nugget. Never short of a solution to a problem, Bayley promptly chopped the nugget in half so each might have his share.

Hearing of rich gold at Nickol River to the north, Bayley decided to try his luck there. The field was along the tidal sea- shore and could only be worked while the tide was out – a difficulty unlike any other on Western Australian goldfields. Bayley did find some gold but it seems he wasn’t particularly impressed with this area because he returned to Perth. From here he travelled back to Southern Cross where he once more became acquainted with William Ford.

Ford had been working in the mines for nearly a year when Bayley arrived but he was able to relate some adventures of his own to his friend that amounted to almost certain confirmation of the claims made by McPherson earlier.

Arthur Bayley

Ford, together with prospectors George Withers and Luigi Jacoletti, had found gold at a place known as Natives Grave between Southern Cross and Parkers Range to the southeast. The prospectors had sold their claim for £300 and Ford and Jacoletti had taken the job of looking after the show for the new owner. Meanwhile, George Withers had obtained horses and supplies, and travelled eastward from Southern Cross on yet another prospecting trip. Three weeks later he returned to the Cross, a spear wound in his shoulder and a chamois of gold in his pocket.

More than ever this latest event seemed to substantiate Gilles McPherson’s claims, which Bayley and Ford had discussed at some length. They decided on plans to follow up the other’s discovery but realised that in so doing, their party would need to be well founded to survive.

At this time a message arrived from McPherson for Bayley stating that he was on good gold and that Bayley should join him at Nannine, a new field on Annean Station about 500 kilometres northeast of Geraldton. Bayley made his way there as quickly as possible and together with his two mates of the time, found gold, although the results weren’t outstanding. Bayley found gold on an island in Lake Annean, later named Bayley’s Island, and it became one of the richest fields in the district.

It is not clear what Ford was doing while Bayley was at Nannine, but perhaps he and his mate were still caretaking the mine.

Throughout the history of the gold discovery at Coolgardie, Ford has always seemed to be in the background, not that he actually played any lesser part in the proceedings but rather that he was a quiet, retiring type who did not readily respond to publicity. The irony is that Ford was actually the one to discover the gold!

By the time Bayley returned and joined Ford at Southern Cross, he had managed to accumulate some £1,000 for the purchase of horses and equipment. He had also learned a little more about McPherson’s adventures and the type of country he and Ford might have to traverse on their trip. McPherson was emphatic that safe travel eastward from Southern Cross was only possible directly after rain when gnamma holes and wells would be full. Both partners were experienced enough prospectors to heed the good advice.

Bayley and Ford were fully equipped and ready to go however the rains held off, delaying their departure. A prospector named Speakman found gold at Ularring in 1891 to the northeast of town, to which they responded. Although they found a little gold, the find was not startling and in a short while the tremendous shortage of water forced them to fall back on Southern Cross.

In June 1892 rain fell in the Yilgarn District so Bayley and Ford, with 10 packhorses and eight weeks’ supply of food, set off eastwards. The country they travelled over was, and is, a heavy sandplain sparsely timbered with a short scrub gradually turning to eucalypt forest the further eastward you go. The rain ensured an abundance of feed for the horses and in the first weeks, water was fairly readily available especially in the vicinity of the numerous granite outcrops that occurred throughout the plain.

Picking up George Withers’s tracks, they followed these until they came upon a native well at the place later to be known as Coolgardie. There was a spot where Withers had dug a hole and dryblown the wash but whether this was the spot where he had obtained his gold before being speared, they couldn’t tell, though subsequent events led them to think so.

While taking his horse to drink at the native well, Ford specked a half-ounce nugget in the area later to be known as Fly Flat. That set the couple to serious specking and on that same day a total of 80 ounces was found, the largest nugget being about five ounces. This patch was about a kilometre from George Withers’s pothole. They also saw ground that had been pegged in 1888 according to a notice on it but could find no gold there themselves.

Coolgardie today

Bayley and Ford had been there about a month when a party of three white men accompanied by a black arrived and set up camp nearby. Two of these men, Jack Reidy and German Charlie, were known to Ford. The partners by this time had between them close to 300 ounces of gold and had to play it cool for the whole period the visitors remained. One can imagine the relief when the party eventually packed up and moved on. Later, where their horses had been tethered, Ford found several nuggets. Some 10 days later, having lost flour to the wet weather and about 20 pounds of bacon to the dingoes, Bayley and Ford set off to Southern Cross to replenish their supplies.

The partners wasted little time in Southern Cross and set off eastwards as soon as their provisions were ready. They joked to people that they knew, “Yes, we’ve found a little gold, and are going back to see what Jack Reidy is up to!” However, their tale was not swallowed by three young miners just out from England, and obtaining a native guide, Tommy Talbot, Baker and Dick Fosser set out to follow the pair.

The young miners had no trouble following the partners as far as Gnarlbine Rock, a large granite outcrop where there was a good soak of permanent water. While arguing the point about which track to take from the rock, Jack Reidy and his party arrived. They were able to settle the dispute and put the miners on the right trail.

Talbot and party came upon the Coolgardie rockhole and camped nearby. Next morning several horses came to the well to drink and by backtracking them, the miners found Bayley working some alluvial on the area known as Fly Flat. As a result, the flies were not the only thing to distract Bayley and although he was cordial enough to them, the newcomers were not convinced of the truth.

This occurrence is the chapter in the story of the discovery of gold at Coolgardie that has proved to be the most controversial. All those writing of it in the past seem to have been uncertain of just what did happen, and all that can be recorded with any certainty is that there was controversy at the time.

The most popular belief seems to be that after a time, the young miners, having found some gold in the vicinity of a large quartz outcrop, showed their find to Bayley and Ford. It turned out that this was the same ground the partners had previously pegged but which was not yet registered. After some argument with the newcomers, Bayley and Ford helped the trio peg ground adjacent to their own.

The upshot was it was no longer practical to keep the find under wraps. The claim needed to be registered, a reward claim made and protection sought to ensure the safety of the prospectors.

The first shaft at Bayley’s Reward gold mine

On arrival in Southern Cross, Bayley showed 554 ounces of gold to Warden Finnerty before lodging the same in the Commercial Bank, a small iron shanty with a hessian partition separating the office from the living room. In spite of his good intentions, after being lectured by Ford not to do so, Bayley went to Cameron’s Hotel for a drink. The drink loosened his mouth and he couldn’t help himself so told the story. We’ve no way of knowing whether he embellished the yarn which, after all, would well and truly have stood on its own merits, but someone among the crowd is thought to have spiked his drink putting him out of action for some time. He awakened to find his horses gone and some one hundred diggers were already on the track to Coolgardie.

Considerable good did come out of Bayley’s announcement although he would not have appreciated it at the time. For several years the country had been in a depression due to its reliance on the Mother Country and the fact that Britain itself was in a bad way financially. The Bank of England was no longer making loans, many Australian banks were failing and business generally was on the brink of collapse.

Strangely, at the time Bayley’s story broke, in spite of the high employment throughout Western Australia, Southern Cross was in the grip of a miner’s strike. Well, that was the end of the strike but the mine proprietors were no better off because practically every able-bodied man who had a wagon, horse, wheelbarrow or a good pair of legs, was on his way eastward towards Coolgardie.

It was several days before Bayley obtain a horse and then only because his old acquaintance, McPherson, turned up to sell him one. Now mounted, he set off posthaste to guide Warden Finnerty to the new find.

Meanwhile, Ford had his own problems at Coolgardie. Not only did he continually chase off the three young miners from the lease but when the first of those in the rush arrived, he had to stand guard with a gun in each hand to ensure they kept their distance – an all but impossible task for a man on his own. No doubt he was glad to see Bayley and the Warden when they finally arrived. In spite of his guard duty, Ford had not been idle. In one pothole alone he had found nuggets weighing 200, 150 and 50 ounces only three yards from the reef! Such was the richness of the find.

The outcrop was described as being 36 feet in length, six feet wide, and 12 feet in height and was not so much rock containing gold but gold holding together rock! Ford’s own words are probably worth quoting: “...and I started to break into that reef. I had a gad and hammered it in, but when ItriedtogetitoutIcouldnotasI had driven it into solid gold.”

In March 1893, Bayley and Ford sold their claim to a company for £6,000 and a sixth interest in the mine, and Bayley, having returned to Victoria, took up land near Avenel and lived, for a very short while, in prosperous circumstances. Though

an outwardly strong, athletic man, he fell into ill health, possibly on account of the privations he had suffered while a prospector, and died at Avenel, of hepatitis and haematemesis, on 29th October, 1896. He was 31 years old and left a widow but no children. His estate was valued at more than £28,000.

Ford moved to Sydney and in 1904 built a handsome sandstone Federation house called ‘Wyckliffe’ in the suburb of Chatswood. Ford and his wife had a baby girl in 1906; a son followed not long after. Ford lived quietly at ‘Wyckliffe’ until his death, in 1932, at the age of 80.

Public meeting in Bayley Street, Coolgardie, in 1894. By this time both Bayley and Ford had sold up and moved back east

The mysterious Tom Cue

By Jim Foster

Tom Cue is mostly known for his involvement in the finding of gold near Cue, the Western Australian town that bears his name. And while most people assume it was Tom who did the discovering, it was actually his partners, Michael John Fitzgerald and Edward Heffernan, who found the incredibly rich field that is now Cue. Tom was away on other business at the time the gold was found. Upon his return he was told of the find by the wildly excited pair but there was a problem. The only horse that was in good enough shape to make the trip to Nannine to register their claim was Tom’s horse, despite the fact it had just finished a hard ride. So, Tom volunteered to make the journey but strangely never put his name on the claim alongside Heffernan and Fitzgerald. Tom Cue was thought to have been born in County Cork, Ireland, somewhere between 1849 and 1855 but as no birth certificate has ever been found, it’s anyone’s guess. Counting back from the date of his death in Canada on 4th September, 1920, at the recorded age of 65, he would have been born in 1855 but the age on the death certificate was either a guess on the part of the medical examiner or a guess by his wife Eugene. The general consensus is he was born in 1850 and was 70 years old at the time of his death.

The store in Casterton, owned by Tom Cue’s parents, where Tom worked until he was 16

Tom arrived in Victoria at a very young age and travelled with his family to Casterton in south-west Victoria where his father, Thomas George Cue, set up a general store. Young Tom was given a very good education and excelled at sports. He left school to work in his father’s store but at the age of 16 decided he wanted to see the world and headed off to the Victorian goldfields. We know he worked for a short time in a saw mill near Castlemaine but after that nothing is known about him until the early 1890s, when he showed up in WA exhibiting all the signs of having done very well for himself.

The first gold at Cue was found near this small hill. It is fitting that an Aborigine is honoured atop the hill as it was an Aborigine known as ‘Governor’ who led Fitzgerald and Hefferman to the first slugs of gold found there

No one knows where Tom made his money but we can speculate. When Tom arrived in the Victorian goldfields there was still good finds of gold being made, and it is possible Tom did well on the diggings. It is also rumoured he had some involvement with the early finds of opal but there is no documentation to substantiate this. Tom often spoke with fondness of the hills and cool mountains of Gippsland but all we know is that he acquired a considerable amount of capital during those unaccounted-for years.

Arriving in WA it was noted that Tom always stayed at the best hotels in town. Rather than ride a horse with a packhorse in train, Tom travelled everywhere in a horse and trap, probably as it allowed him to carry a comprehensive range of prospecting and mining gear as well as water and other luggage. Teaming up with Michael John Fitzgerald and Edward Hefferman, the three men set out for what is now the Cue district where they made their now famous find. Tom stayed in and around Cue for a few years, becoming involved in other mining ventures and even travelling to Perth where he mixed with politicians and other shakers and movers of the era.

During this time the train tracks arrived in Cue and, perpetuating the myth that it was Tom who found the gold, the first locomotive into Cue was named the ‘Tom Cue’. During this time Tom returned home to Casterton where his father was in financial difficulties but as all the family papers have been lost, the exact purpose of Tom’s visit isn’t known though we do know his father went bankrupt. Tom’s biggest find was Cue’s Patch 10km north of Lawlers. He had found an immensely rich alluvial patch and reef that others had missed at what was to become Agnew. Naming the mine The Woronga, Tom only stayed for 18 months before selling the mine for a very large sum. The mine must have been a good one as the Ogilvie line of reef was still being worked up until a few years ago. And then once again, Tom simply dropped off the face of the Earth. There were stories that he travelled to the Cloncurry and Chillagoe districts and in the latter was involved in the establishment of the copper mining industry, but again this is only speculation. It is also rumoured that he was at Broken Hill at one time. The next chapter in Tom Cue’s life was a prospecting trip up the Amazon River which he helped finance and organise. And while we know this expedition took place and that Cue was heavily involved, nothing is known about what the expedition uncovered. After the Amazon trip Tom returned to Victoria and met Eugene Spencer Tyson, nee Wills.

Tom and Eugene travelled to Vancouver, Canada, where they were married and had a daughter they named Eva. Eva never married and died in 1972. The family then travelled to Alaska as by now Tom was an avid mining speculator who journeyed far and wide in search of investment opportunities. At one stage he was known to be in Circle City (just outside the Arctic Circle) but whether for investment purposes or to “take the waters” at the hot springs there is unknown. When he took his family to Dawson City he would have taken the famed White Horse Pass rail line from Skagway to Lake Bennet, then boarded a stern-wheeler below Miles Canyon for the last leg down the fabled Yukon River to Dawson. But, like much of Tom’s life, why he went to Dawson City and what he did there is a mystery. In 1900 Tom and his family were reported as living in Vancouver before returning to Australia in 1902 on the SS Africa, via Cape Town, South Africa. Not long after, Tom returned to Cape Town by himself, giving his age as 51.

In 1903 he was living in Toorak, Melbourne, and gave his occupation as mining engineer and his age as 55. It’s little wonder there is so much speculation as to the exact date of his birth when Tom himself seemed to have no idea of how old he was.

As befitting a man so shrouded in mystery, there are no known photographs of Tom Cue. In 1991 a couple were fossicking for gold near Cue and found a metal printer’s plate depicting Tom Cue filling his pipe. And that is all we have to identify a man described as being nearly six feet tall and quite burly

From shipping company records we know that Tom and his family travelled extensively, often taking trips to the United States, Canada, England and back to Australia. What he and his family did when they arrived at those destinations we will never know. Much of this travel might have involved mining and investment but we don’t know for sure. Tom must have invested wisely in many mining companies to have accumulated the kind of wealth that allowed him to travel so extensively. Even in the early days of the great Western Australian gold rushes, there is little evidence that Tom did much actual mining himself. He certainly did some prospecting as evidenced by his big find at what it now Agnew, but there is no reference to him actually getting his hands dirty. Tom, it seems, was willing to invest in others and to share their success when it came.

Tom Cue’s death certificate shows that he died from inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and hardening of the arteries. He lived his last days in Vancouver a long way from the heat and dust of the Australian goldfields. His wife, Eugene, and daughter, Eva, moved back to Australia after his death

Some people might think less of a man who lets others get down and dirty then claims a share of their hard work, but in the mining game, and especially prospecting, there would have been far fewer miners and prospectors who could have afforded to get out there and make a go of it if it wasn’t for men like Tom Cue. And any speculator or investor takes a huge risk when grubstaking a prospector or miner. Many was the investor who never saw a penny in return after their original investment disappeared into the hungry earth.

Eugene Cue, the wife of Tom Cue, was originally married to Peter Tyson before divorcing him for drunkenness

To further deepen the mystery surrounding Tom Cue, it would appear there has never been a gold lease or a claim with the name Tom Cue, or Thomas George Cue, or simply T. Cue recorded anywhere in Australia. Not even the Woroonga mine which he sold.

Ballarat’s golden “Canadian” connection

By Kevin Ruddick

Visitors to Ballarat will readily notice two 1850s goldrush terms in constant modern commercial use, namely, “Sovereign” and “Eureka”. You can get anything from a Eureka Pizza to pre-cast products from Sovereign Concrete. But another goldrush term, “Canadian”, also gets a pretty good workout, and with regards to gold production, “Canadian” was far more important than either Eureka or Sovereign. This article was originally going to be about an interesting mining relic I found while detecting in the Canadian Forest, on Ballarat’s eastern fringe, however the origins and golden history of all things “Canadian” at Ballarat are so fascinating they deserve some explanation.

The 4-gram bit specked by the author in Canadian Forest

There are five usages of the word Canadian at Ballarat and, in historical and geographical order, they are: Canadian Gully, Canadian Deep Lead, Canadian Creek, the suburb of Canadian, and Canadian Forest. All have gold, but certainly not in equal proportions. Canadian Gully was first opened at its shallow head in September 1851, probably by the notable David Ham, but more seriously in mid1852. It was named after a Canadian digger called Swift, who prospected there with compatriot Canadians and Americans. But what is the relationship between Canadian Gully and the other “Canadians”? Remembering the adage that a picture is worth a thousand words, I have drawn a flat plan and a vertical cross section through the Canadian Gully (Ballarat East) to clearly explain what a thousand words would struggle to do.

Chunky bits panned in Canadian Creek

Harrie Wood’s authoritative Notes on the Ballarat Goldfield informs us that by February 1853, the miners, sinking down to rock bottom (or pipeclay) in the Canadian Gully, started tracing their way down the gully, finding that they had to go to ever greater depths to find rock bottom and the gold. But what fabulous gold awaited them! In the short space of 11 days in January 1853, not one, but three monster nuggets, the likes of which the world had never seen, were found in quick succession. The largest, named the “Sarah Sands”, was at that time the heaviest nugget anyone in the world had ever laid eyes on. The three monsters weighed 1,619 ounces; 1,117 ounces; and 1,011 ounces, the last two being found in the same claim! All the other claims in the gully averaged 420 ounces. As the gully reached the flat below, the golden rock bottom was now so deep it started being referred to as the Canadian Deep Lead. It took a sharp 90-degree turn to the left (north) and the claims were now paying an unbelievable £2,000 per man.

But the best was yet to come. When the Canadian Lead amalgamated with the Prince Regent Lead, a small claim on this site called the Blacksmith’s Hole produced an incredible one ton of gold. Remember, this was a small-area claim worked by a windlass and eight men, with only limited short drives. I suspect it was possibly the richest small claim worked by a windlass in the history of the world. I would be interested to hear of any rivals. No wonder the name “Canadian” became famous throughout Europe. And a little further north, where the Canadian Lead entered Dalton’s Flat, another monster nugget of 1,177 ounces, called “The Lady Hotham Nugget”, was found. This nugget and the three monsters already mentioned, would soon be eclipsed by the “Welcome” and the “Welcome Stranger” nuggets. The Sarah Sands nugget remains the fourth largest ever found in Australia, a delirious dream for the four relative new chums who took it back home to England with them on the good ship Sarah Sands, the inspiration for its name. Today, if you’re looking for the historical location of Canadian Gully, you’ll find it behind the fence of the Sovereign Hill Park, at the Park’s southernmost end, where their horses graze and the light show is held. It is parallel, and near to, Elsworth Street and while you won’t be doing any metal detecting there, you can still pan specks in Canadian Creek.

The pulley in its pre-restoration state

The creek, at the surface, roughly follows the same course as the Canadian Lead, buried deep below it. I have found many pennyweights there (but not ounces I’m afraid) and some chunky bits too. Thirty or more years ago, my son Chris and his mate, Terry, were poking around in Canadian Creek looking for old bottles rather than gold. Terry looked down and specked a 1.5-ounce nugget right beside the York Street bridge, in the middle of Ballarat suburbia! He still has it. But it’s getting hard to find specks there now and you feel a bit odd panning behind someone’s backyard fence.

The pulley after sand-blasting and painting

The Canadian Forest is another story however, and people certainly detect there. It is so named because it adjoins the suburb of Canadian, but on the other side of the suburb, and nearly 2km from Canadian Gully. There is still plenty of evidence of mining there, with many shallow shafts near the Pax Hill scout camp. A storage dam and head race hint at past ground sluicing, which is also clearly evident. But this was never a big producer like Golden Point or Canadian Gully, and old newspaper references to gold mining in the Canadian Forest are rare. The word is that detectors are finding a few subgram bits there on occasions – very rare occasions I suspect. Then again…one day I was walking my dog on the dirt track just a few metres short of the forest. It had rained that morning, exceptionally heavy rain, the heaviest in my memory, and I was shocked to see that every pebble and grain of sand had been washed clearn away, leaving a smooth, clay road, bereft of any covering. The thought of gold immediately crossed my mind and I kept my eyes peeled as there were several little mine heaps only metres away, right on the road reserve. Lo and behold, a 4-gram nugget was sitting in the clay gutter, completely free of any sand or stones. The rain had washed absolutely everything away, but the nugget, being heavy, just sat there, and was perhaps exposed for the first time ever. I had walked past that little nugget every night for years but it took a freak storm to reveal it. For some inexplicable reason, I get a bigger thrill specking gold than any other way of finding it.

The author’s flat plan of Canadian Gully

Vertical cross-section of Canadian Gully drawn by the author

I did say this article was originally going to be about a mining relic I’d found, so I’d better get on with it. A few months back I was trying my luck with the detector in the Canadian Forest about 100 metres from where I’d specked the 4-gram bit. I was working around the aforementioned old shallow shafts and heaps when suddenly Above: The pulley in its pre-restoration state Above, right: The pulley after sand-blasting and painting Below: The author’s flat plan of Canadian Gully Bottom: Vertical cross-section of Canadian Gully drawn by the author Australian Gold Gem & Treasure 9 my detector nearly blew its head off. Just under the leaf litter I dug up an old pulley block. It was quite rusty, but the word “Digger” was clearly legible, being cast into the pulley. I can’t be certain, but being in the middle of a goldfield, it’s reasonable to assume that miners used it to help haul up their bucket or kibble.

I took it home to clean it up but it was so rusty it gave the impression that with a little rough treatment, it might fall apart. I took a risk, got it professionally sandblasted and it was surprisingly sound with the detail around the axle now clearly visible. I then primed and spray painted it black. Just for a bit of fun I built a tripod over some old diggings to let the grandkids have a play around with it. I’m sure the miners would have built something much more substantial – probably involving a windlass. Some research on the internet to investigate the “Digger” brand name revealed that a company called Gray’s Pty Ltd from Victoria manufactured picks, shovels, hoes and so on under the brand name “Digger”, but that was all I could ascertain. Maybe someone else can add to the story. My brother-in-law has a great collection of heritage Aussie tools and artifacts in his own backyard patio museum, so my old pulley block has a home to go to where I hope it will be appreciated by many.

Footnote: The Canadian Forest has recently been made into a park by the Victorian government. It is now called Woowookarung Regional Park, in deference to the local Wadawurrung people. Interestingly, detecting is allowed and the remnants of mining have not been destroyed. At 640 hectares, it is one of Ballarat’s best kept secrets. There might still be some gold on offer but the trees, birds, animals and beautiful wildflowers are the real treasures of Ballarat’s Canadian Forest

Did Dan Kelly and Steve Hart survive the Glenrowan Inn fire?

by Trevor Percival

History tells us that an enterprising woman named Ann Jones established the Glenrowan Inn in 1878 to service travellers, but that it only ran for two years before it was the scene of the last stand the Kelly Gang. By the time the siege was over, with Ned Kelly captured and the rest of the gang dead, the inn had been destroyed by fire, lit by police to flush out gang members. Dan Kelly’s and Steve Hart’s charred bodies were returned to Kelly family members in the evening of the siege, on Monday 28th June, 1880. The body of Joe Byrne, who was killed earlier in the siege by a police bullet, was retrieved unburnt from the inn. Ann Jones’s 13-year-old son, John, and the hostage, Martin Cherry, later died from wounds suffered in the shootout. There were in fact more than 60 hostages in the Glenrowan Inn when the first shots were fired. Ned Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hung at Old Melbourne Gaol on 11th November, 1880, aged 25. His “reported” last words were “Such is life”. This is what history tells us. But what if some of that history is wrong. What if Dan Kelly and Steve Hart didn’t perish in the Glenrowan Inn fire? One year, while fossicking on Chinaman Creek, I met an elderly gentleman who said he had met Steve Hart’s sister who claimed Dan Kelly had moved north to live in a hut outside of Mitchell in western Queensland. The gentleman, in his travels, had also met Steve Hart who had shown him burn scars on his back and said that he and Dan had hidden in the cellar and escaped during the night. A Queensland Sunday Mail article by Wayne Kelly (no relation to Ned and Dan) which published on 17th July, 1988, said that one person who scoffed at the stories of Dan Kelly’s and Steve Hart’s escape was Frank Rolleston of Eton near Mackay. Rolleston said that because of the rumours of an escape, for years afterwards, any old greybeard camped in isolation was not only suspected of being Dan Kelly but a published series about a man who said he was Dan Kelly had brought protests from at least five other “Dan Kellys” living in various corners of Australia.

But the article also suggested that Dan and Steve, after learning of Ned’s capture and therefore his certain death by hanging, went by ship to Argentina and then to South Africa. Long-time Kelly researcher, Kieran Magill, of Redbank Plains, told the Queensland Sunday Mail that it was indeed possible Dan and Steve had escaped. Mr Magill, who had studied official records of the Kelly Gang, including those of the Royal Commission which followed, said an escape could have been made in the final hours of the Glenrowan siege.

Glenrowan Inn

Amateur historian, Hilda Hornberg, of Redland Bay, also told of a meeting she had had in Roma in 1933 with Dan Kelly, then in his seventies. Ms Hornberg said Dan was on his way to a station to see Steve Hart and the man calling himself Dan Kelly had shown her and others his burn scars. Another person, J. Hunter, of Ipswich, contacted the Sunday Mail saying his sister, who had been a trainee nurse at Royal Brisbane Hospital, had told of a dying patient with burn scars who said he was Dan Kelly. The man would have been in his eighties. No-one disputes the fact that the remains of two very burnt bodies were later retrieved from the smouldering ruins of the inn and it was simply assumed they were the charred corpses of Dan Kelly and Steve Hart. Their identification however, was solely based on the word of Matthew Gibney, a priest from Western Australia, who was on a trip to the colonies on the east coast of Australia and was travelling by train between Benalla and Albury when he heard about the siege while the train was stopped at Glenrowan. Gibney decided to go and take a look. Gibney had never set eyes on Kelly or Hart but later, when he heroically entered the burning Glenrowan Inn in an attempt to rescue anyone inside, he said he had discovered the then unburnt bodies of Dan Kelly and Hart, who he surmised had committed suicide.

Dan Kelly - Bushranger

But the bodies were never positively identified by the police and the Kelly family, who took charge of the blackened remains, refused to give them up for an inquest. In a second Sunday Mail article, this one by Ken Blanch, which published on 26th November, 1989, it was revealed that a man by the name of William Bede Melville, in August 1902, had cabled several Australian newspapers from Capetown in South Africa, that two men had identified themselves to him as Kelly and Hart. Melville, an ex-Sydney pressman, was at one time private secretary to Sir George Dibbs, three times Premier of NSW. Melville said the two Australians were brought to his hotel room in Pretoria one night in Africa at midnight by a mutual acquaintance. What follows is part of Melville’s account of the discussion that took place: “A bottle was opened, pipes were filled and long after midnight, Dan Kelly combed his tangled hair with his fingers and said, ‘Steve here, and me, and Joe Byrne was in that pub all right. Ned got away nicely, and we was to follow him, but Joe Byrne was boozed and we couldn’t pull him together. When we wasn’t watching, he slipped outside and was shot. After that, two drunken coves was shot through the winder. They wanted to have a go at the traps, so we give them rifles, revolvers, powder and shot. The firing where they dropped was too hot for us to reach them, so our rifles and revolvers were found by their remains. This was why they thought we were dead. I’m sorry for those coves as they didn’t take my tip and go out with a flag, but they’d the drink and the devil in them. Well, Steve and me then planned an escape. We was in a trap and we had to get out of it. The next thing was how to leave the pub.

Joe Byrne - Bushranger

We had spare troopers’ uniforms with caps that we always carried so we put them on. There were some trees and logs at the back so we hung along the ground for a few yards and then blazed away at the pub just like the troopers and you couldn’t tell us from the bloomin’ traps. We retreated from tree to tree and bush to bush, pretending to take cover. Soon, we was amongst the scattered traps and we banged away at the bloomin’ shanty more than any of them. The traps came from a hundred miles around and only some of them knowed each other. They didn’t know us anyhow. They couldn’t tell us from themselves. We worked back into the timber and got away. Soon afterwards, we saw the old house nearly burnt to the ground and we thanked our stars we was not burnt alive. Well, we got to a friend’s (shepherd’s) hut and we stayed three days and the shepherd brought us papers with whole pages about our terrible end, and burnt up bodies and all that sort of stuff. We read of Ned’s capture and we was for taking to the bush again, but the shepherd made us promise to leave Australia quietly. He gave us clothes and money. We got to Sydney and shipped to Argentina. We had a good time of it and didn’t get interfered with and we didn’t interfere with anybody also. We pretty much kept to ourselves so as not to bring attention to us. A few years ago we crossed to South Africa where the Boer War broke out, and being out of work, we went to the front. We had some narrer escapes but nothing like the Glenrowan pub. We’re off in an hour or so but we don’t want the world to know. You can say what I tell you, but wait three weeks or a month. Listen, if you give us away, this little thing in my hand, a friend of mine, will blow you out.’ And he put the point of the revolver into my eye. I looked at him sharply, and the awful glare in his eyes and the suspicion that convulsed his face, convinced me he meant it. The other day, six weeks later, I was surprised to encounter Dan Kelly and Steve Hart in Adderley Street, Capetown. ‘Well,’ said Kelly, ‘You kept your promise. We have not been interfered with. You may write what you like after termorrow.’ I did not enquire about their destination and they did not volunteer the information.”

Ned Kelly at Old Melbourne Gaol

Some more of the details in Melville’s account appeared years later in a story that published on 18th December, 2007, in the Brisbane Courier Mail. The article was accompanied by a photograph of Mr Collin Sippel of Murgon. Mr Sippel and Bill Roberts, a former Mayor of Murgon, were investigating the deathbed confession of a gentleman, Bill Meade, who had died in the nearby Wondai Hospital in 1938. Meade went to his grave claiming he was actually Steve Hart of the Kelly Gang. Mr Sipple was six-years-old when he first met Meade who taught him leatherwork when he was living in the Redgate area near Murgon. Mr Roberts had also known Meade in his younger days. There was talk of raising money to have the body of Meade exhumed for modern DNA testing. Mr Sipple and Mr Roberts said the Bill Meade they remembered was similar in stature, appearance and age to early photographs of Hart. In September of 2009 I rang Mr Sipple to enquire how the investigation was progressing and was told that they were having problems in raising enough money or getting a sponsor to invest in the process of finding out if Bill Meade’s statement that he was Steve Hart, was true or false. Nothing ever came of the matter and Bill Meade’s bones lie undisturbed in his grave. Bill Meade was 78 or 79 when he died in 1938 so he would have been born around 1860 making him either 20 or 21 at the time of the Glenrowan fire. Steve Hart was born on 13th February, 1859. He was 21 when he “died” at the siege of the Glenrowan Inn.

So, did Dan Kelly and Steve Hart make it out of the burning Glenrowan Inn all the way to Argentina and then to South Africa to fight in the Boer War, before returning to Australia decades later? The truth might never be known but it makes a good story all the same.

Head across to the Apple Isle for some gold and gems

By Jim Foster

In the three times we have visited Tasmania, and having spent almost six months in total in the Apple Isle, we had never done any prospecting simply because we didn’t think there would be much, if any, reward for our efforts. It just goes to show how wrong you can be. In fact, gold can be found in many places in Tasmania. We didn’t know it at the time but when we visited Corinna on the Pieman River on the west coast, we were very close to the Whyte River goldfield. We even climbed over a huge moss-covered quartz blow out on the Whyte River walking track that could have shed gold. We did visit a couple of gold towns but these were built to service deep mines and we weren’t aware of any alluvial workings in those places. The fact we didn’t have our detectors made it a moot point, but when we return to the Apple Isle next year we won’t be making the same mistake. Gold is thought to have first been discovered by a convict at Nine Mile Springs near Lefroy, in north-eastern Tasmania, in 1840.

Then, it is said, John Gardner found gold-bearing quartz in 1847 on Blythe Creek, near Beaconsfield. Officially however, the first payable alluvial deposits were reported in the north-east of the state in 1852 by James Grant at the Nook, also known as Mangana, and Tower Hill Creek. And the first registered gold strike (2lb 10oz) was made by Charles Gould at Tullochgoram in the east, near Fingal, south of St. Marys.

A very beautiful ounce-plus nugget from the Lefroy area of Tasmania

Alluvial and reef gold was then found in the many creeks running into the Pieman River near Waratah, and into the Whyte and Hazelwood Rivers on the west coast. Having been to the Pieman and Whyte, I can attest to how rough and wild the terrain is and I have no desire to brave the leech- and mosquito-infested wilderness of the Whyte or Pieman goldfields to do a little prospecting, despite the fact there is still good gold to be found there. Everything I have read and heard about Tasmanian gold these days is that it is mostly sub-gram stuff. While that might be true in many areas, there are still nuggets being found down there that tip the scales at more than an ounce. We actually don’t mind what size it is – gold is gold and as we only prospect for fun these days, we get as much satisfaction and pleasure out of a pretty one grammer as we do out of a 1-ouncer. As a bloke once said to me “Anyone can find the big lumps but it takes real skill to find the flyspecks.”

Tasmania has designated fossicking areas for both gold and gemstones. No license is required to work these areas

Looking at maps of the Tasmanian goldfields we see that they range from the east coast to the west and are concentrated in the north. The biggest blank space is down in the south-west but that’s because most of that incredible wilderness has never been explored let alone prospected. At Specimen Hill, Nine Mile Springs (now Lefroy) in the north-east, the first alluvial gold was discovered by Samuel Richards in 1869.

As can been seen from this map of just the north-east corner of Tasmania, there are plenty of goldfields but you do need a license and permission for most of them

Reef gold was actually identified at this location in 1867 with production mainly restricted to the Native Youth, Chum, Volunteer and New Pinafore Reef mines.

An SDC2300 is probably the best detector for Tasmania. The small coil is ideal for tight undergrowth and the detector’s ability to find tiny scraps of gold means you’re more likely to find at least some of the right stuff

News of Richards’s discovery precipitated the first big rush to Nine Mile Springs and a township quickly developed beside the present main road from Bell Bay to Bridport. Dozens of miners pegged out claims there and at nearby Back Creek, and the usual goods and services providers followed in their wake.

A specimen from the Apple Isle

While the Specimen Hill find was alluvial gold, most of the gold in the Nine Mile Springs area was bonded to quartz below the surface. Consequently, companies moved in to crush the ore and the Lefroy Goldfield became the first profitable goldfield in the colony.

Osmiridium nuggets aren’t worth as much as gold but at around $560 an ounce, they’re not chicken feed either

The largest gold nugget ever found in Tasmania weighed more than 243 ounces and was found in 1883 by J. McGinty, D. Neil, and T. Richards at Rocky River in the north-west near the township of Golden Ridge. It should be noted that more gold was obtained from the surrounding area than the famous Golden Ridge itself. Overall nearly 30,000 ounces of gold was won from this location. If you want to do some detecting in Tasmania my advice is to join the Prospectors and Miners Association of Tasmania (PMAT). They have members who know Tasmania very well and they can put you onto the best proclaimed fossicking areas around the state. They also have a forum which will enable you to garner a great deal of useful information. But if gemstones are more to your liking, you’ll be pleased to know that Tasmania is literally awash with them. One of the most popular and easy-to-get-to spots if it’s sapphires you want, is at Weldborough in the north-east on the Weld River. While you’re there the Weldborough Hotel is well worth a visit and there is a camping ground right beside the Weld River.

A handful of Weld River sapphires. Most Tasmanian sapphires have been found in the creeks and rivers that drain the Blue Tier and Mt Paris area in the north-east of the state

Osmiridium is another metal that is popular with prospectors in Tasmania at the moment. It is a natural alloy of the elements osmium and iridium, with traces of other platinum-group metals, and at the time of writing was fetching about US$400 an ounce. The main use for osmiridium was as hard, durable tips for fountain pen nibs however the popularity of ballpoint pens led to a huge reduction in the market for fountain pens and hence for osmiridium, although the alloy has some other uses. You can readily research osmiridium on the internet and while it might not be worth as much as gold, it’s still an interesting metal to find. Goldfields in Tasmania are generally much smaller than in Victoria or Western Australia and most are on private land or leases, or both.

If you go gold prospecting or gemstone fossicking on Tasmania’s west coast without the right gear and a whole lot of experience, at least leave a note for the coroner

Local knowledge is a must if you want to access goldfields that are not proclaimed fossicking areas. Prospecting opportunities in Tasmania also depend on the type of country you’re in. Much of the northern area of the state compares favourably with parts of Victoria but the west coast goldfields such as the Tarkine, Whyte River and Pieman goldfields are in dense temperate rainforests where even the locals get lost. But if you’re prepared to brave the wild west, make sure you’re carrying whatever it takes to ward off the marauding armies of leeches, sand flies and mosquitoes. If you’re interested in prospecting for gold or gemstones in Tasmania you’ll find a great deal of information online as well as on the Tasmanian Detecting club’s forum. Simply visiting Tasmania as a tourist is extremely rewarding but throw in some prospecting or fossicking, like Cheryl and I plan on doing next year, and your visit will be even more memorable.

In search of Thunderbolt’s treasure

BY TONY MATTHEWS

When Frederick Wordsworth Ward, alias the notorious bushranger Captain Thunderbolt, died from a gunshot wound on 25th May, 1870, he left behind an enduring mystery. Where did he hide the £20,000 in gold and notes he was reported to have stolen during his seven years of bushranging? Some historians claim that Thunderbolt spent all his ill-gotten gains, or that he never actually stole that amount. Others claim the man who was shot and killed on that fateful May day wasn’t Thunderbolt, and that the real bushranger lived a happy, and presumably wealthy life, in the Roma region of Queensland.

Myth and mystery interwoven with fact and fantasy, but the legend of Thunderbolt’s fabulous treasure still inspires those who are prepared to believe it has remained hidden in the rugged country of northern New South Wales for the past 150 years. Frederick Ward was convicted in 1856 of horse stealing and sentenced to 10 years hard labour on Cockatoo Island in Sydney Harbour. He served out four years before being conditionally released but was again arrested while on ‘ticket-of-leave’ for horse stealing and breaking his parole. Returned to Cockatoo Island to complete his original sentence and serve an additional three years, Ward served only two years before making a desperate hid for freedom. One cold September night in 1863, Ward and another convict named Frederick Britten broke free of their shackles and plunged into the harbour, ignoring the danger of sharks which were attracted to the area by waste products from several nearby slaughterhouses. Both men managed to struggle ashore to the mainland exhausted but free. It was to be the beginning of an era. Ward was just 27 years old, a wanted criminal on the run with a price of £25 on his head, and so he turned to the only profession left open to him. He became a bushranger.

Captain Thunderbolt on the day of his wedding to Mary Ann Bugg

Ward was a superb horseman and expert in bushcraft. For the next seven years he roamed the New England region of New South Wales, holding up travellers, inns, coaches and prospectors. The name “Captain Thunderbolt” came about after Ward robbed the tollbar house at Campbell’s Hill near Maitland on 21st December, 1863. It was Ward who started calling himself that though the Thunderbolt legend has it that when the customs officer was rudely awoken by Thunderbolt banging loudly on his door, he is purported to have said, “By God, I thought it must have been a thunderbolt.” Another account has the customs officer asking, “Who’s that making such a thundering noise?” And Ward answering “I’m a thunderbolt. The noise you hear is the thunder and,” pointing his revolver at the customs officer, “this is the bolt!” Ward was joined in his nefarious activities by a motley collection of wouldbe bushrangers however none could match him for cold cunning and horsemanship. His one constant companion was a welleducated Aboriginal half-caste girl, Mary Ann Bugg, whose aboriginal name was Yellilong. Living a harsh and rugged life in the bush, dogged by danger and constantly hunted by the police, she stayed with her lover until she finally died of pneumonia, having born Thunderbolt three children. According to legend, it was Yellilong who taught the bushranger his signature song: “Her Bright Smile Haunts Me Still.”

This photograph of Captain Thunderbolt clearly shows the bullet wound above the left breast and the stitched incision caused by the post mortem examination

After her death, Thunderbolt became quite sullen, and is reported as saying that he wished it was all over. “My life’s a misery,” he told one of his friends, “I wish I’d been shot long ago.” Thunderbolt finally got his wish. It was a cold day in May, 1870, when he bailed up his last victim, a hawker named Giovanni Capasotti near Blanche’s Inn at

Church Gully, six kilometres from Uralla. After the robbery, the bushranger went to the inn and Capasotti made all haste to Uralla and informed the police. Upon arrival at Blanche’s Inn, Constable Mulhall fired his pistol in the direction of Ward who was at the time testing an inferior horse, but the trooper’s horse took fright and Ward rode off. However an off-duty trooper, Constable Alexander Binney Walker, who was mounted on a well-bred and fast horse, finally cornered Ward at Kentucky Creek near Uralla. Walker called upon Ward to surrender, the bushranger refused and after a brief gunfight in which Ward’s horse was shot out from underneath him, Ward was hit at close range, the bullet entering his chest and rupturing both his lungs. The fight continued for a few seconds longer but Walker’s gun was empty and so he used the butt to smash Thunderbolt’s face into a bloody pulp. The whole exchange had taken just a couple of minutes but when it was over, Thunderbolt was dead and the secret of where his treasure was hidden died with him.

Wood engraving of the moment Captain Thunderbolt was shot by Constable Walker

Twenty years after Thunderbolt’s death, a young lad hunting for birds’ eggs stumbled upon a cave in the remote Goulburn River region. Inside the boy discovered a bottle containing a thick wad of mouldy £5 notes and it was assumed this was a small portion of Thunderbolt’s haul. But what of the remainder? Many people in the New England area still claim it’s there somewhere, just waiting for some lucky bushwalker to find it. Ward was 5 ft 8¼ ins (173cm) tall, slight, and of sallow complexion with hazelgrey eyes and light-brown curly hair. He undoubtedly had great nerve, endurance and unusual self-reliance and his success as a bushranger can be largely attributed to his horsemanship and splendid mounts; to popular sympathy inspired by his agreeable appearance and conversation; and to his gentlemanly behaviour and avoidance of violence; he also showed prudence in not robbing armed coaches, or towns where a policeman was stationed. The last of the professional bushrangers in New South Wales, Ward’s seven years of bushranging was the longest of any of Australia’s highwaymen. Some historians have equated this with success, but if dying a violent death at just 35 years of age can be called successful, it’s little wonder no-one followed in his footsteps.

The gunfight at Cooksvale Creek

When Fred Lowry died he reportedly said “Tell ‘em I died game,” which might not be as apocryphal as Ned Kelly’s supposed last utterance “Such is life”, but what is a fact is that Lowry never mentioned the hiding place of the thousands of pounds taken from the Mudgee mail robbery on 13th July, 1863, the theft of which made his name as a bushranger. Thomas Frederick Lowry was born in Homebush (then Liberty Plains), Sydney, in 1836 and grew up in the Young district of NSW. He and his mate, John Foley, stole horses and served time at Bathurst gaol. In company with Ben Hall and other members of the gang, he had robbed Barnes’s store at Cootamundra, then moved on to robbing mail coaches. He held up the Goulburn mail coach at a place called Big Hill, assaulting a man called Richard Morphy during the exploit. However it was the Mudgee mail which really made his name, the incident taking place 16 miles from Bowenfields. Inside the coach were a Mrs Smith of Ben Bullen who had about £200 on her person and Henry Kater, an official of the Mudgee branch of the Australian Joint Stock Bank. He had stowed a bag containing £5,700 of old bank notes (withdrawn from circulation and on their way to Sydney to be destroyed) in the boot of the coach.

When Lowry bailed up the coach he took Kater’s revolver and then ordered the driver to take the coach off the highway where Lowry and his accomplice, John Foley, rifled the interior for registered mail bags. As they did this they discovered the carpet bag containing the notes. “I’ve got it!” Lowry exclaimed when he saw the bank notes, giving rise to the belief that the bushrangers had somehow been tipped off by an informer. Mrs Smith, meanwhile, was terrified for her £200 which she had hidden in her skirts and she began to scream. Lowry calmed her down by explaining that they never robbed women. By August the police had received information concerning the lost banknotes which were traced to Thomas Vardy’s Limerick Races Hotel at Cooksvale Creek, north of Crookwell. The serial numbers of pound notes matched those taken in the robbery. They also had reason to believe that Fred Lowry was staying there. At dawn on 29th August, SeniorSergeant Stephenson of Goulburn led a party of police to the Limerick Races Hotel.

In the group were Detective William Camphin, destined in years to come to make a name for himself as a brilliant detective in Sydney, also Detective John Sanderson and Constable Herbst. Herbst was sent round the back of the pub to make sure nobody escaped that way, while Stephenson ordered Camphin to guard the front. Sanderson and Stephenson then went inside to search the premises. The landlord, Thomas Vardy, admitted that there were strangers in the house, pointing to a room adjoining the parlour. Stephenson knocked on the door, and, receiving no reply, cautioned whoever was in there that if they didn’t open the door he would break it down. Still he received no reply after which he tried unsuccessfully to break open the door. However, as he stepped back with a view to making another attempt on it, a shot rang out from inside the room which hit the Sergeant’s horse outside. A voice also called out, challenging the police to fight.

Shortly afterwards the door opened and Lowry appeared, firing again. He yelled out “I’m Lowry, come on ye bastards, and I’ll fight ye fair.” Both Stephenson and Lowry then fired again at each other from a distance of about five yards. Lowry’s shot missed the Sergeant’s head by a few inches, hitting the doorknob. Lowry’s next shot hit Stephenson’s hand, but the Sergeant was still able to fire his revolver and this time, from a distance of less than a yard, the ball hit the bushranger in the throat. Hand to hand fighting followed with Stephenson grabbing his assailant by the neck and hitting him on the head with his gun. The struggle continued inside the bar until Lowry was overcome by the other policemen. He was quickly handcuffed, despite being exhausted and seriously wounded. Vardy and several others were arrested for knowingly harbouring bushrangers but they were later released.

Fred Lowry was not a bushranger celebrated for his looks or wit and, accordingly, this posthumous image did not seek to immortalize him. But he did die game

A further search of the hotel revealed another bushranger, Larry Cummins, hiding in a Below: Fred Lowry was not a bushranger celebrated for his looks or wit and, accordingly, this posthumous image did not seek to immortalize him. But he did die game The gunfight at Cooksvale Creek Australian Gold Gem & Treasure 53 room. The party of police from Goulburn along with their prisoners who had been loaded onto a dray, set off in the direction of Goulburn. However, Lowry’s throat wound was causing him such pain that he was choking and appeared to be suffocating. The party stopped at Pratton’s public house at Woodhouselee and a doctor was sent for at 6.30pm. A messenger was also dispatched to Goulburn asking for reinforcements. Around 2.30am the next morning more police arrived from Goulburn and half an hour later Dr Waugh arrived and attended to Lowry, who did not have long to live. Detective Camphin then read the Catholic Litany for departing souls with Lowry sometimes repeating the responses. Lowry died around 6am. He was 27.

The body was taken to Goulburn hospital where it was examined by various people and photographed. It was identified by Mr Kater, also William and Mary Fogg, friends of Frank Gardiner the bushranger. John Foley, Lowry’s accomplice, was later captured at Mackay’s Hotel at Campbell River and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment with hard labour at Bathurst, the first three years in irons. He had been foolish enough to be caught with a wad of bank notes from the Mudgee Mail Robbery. Sergeant Stephenson’s horse, luckier than Lowry, survived the shot fired by the bushranger during the shootout. The bullet was located two years later and successfully removed by a vet. Detective William Camphin went on to become a brilliant intelligence agent and a terror to Sydney criminals. Sergeant Stephenson was commended for his “active, judicious and courageous conduct on the occasion” and awarded a silver tray by the people of Goulburn for his efforts that day. He was also promoted to Sub-Inspector. Today one can visit the site of the Limerick Races Hotel which is to be found just above Cooksvale Creek. The dinted doorknob, hit by Sergeant Stephenson’s first shot, became a Vardy (now Fardy) family heirloom while Pratton’s Pub at Woodhouselee was turned into a private residence. The owners reported that a queer sound like falling rain could often be heard from the room once occupied by the bushranger Lowry.

Note: Six months after Fred Lowry died, his younger brother, James, a cattle duffer, was shot by Constable Ward and died near Coonabarabran on 19th February, 1864. The bushranger John Foley served 10 years of his 15-year sentence, including the three years in leg irons. He reformed and returned to the Oberon district where he was from and became a respectable landowner at Black Springs, NSW, on the Campbells River. He died on 26th February 1891, aged 55. Lowry’s other accomplice, Larry Cummins was also gaoled for 15 years but escaped from Berrima gaol and returned to bushranging including an attempted robbery at Mutton Falls. He was arrested at Porters Retreat in 1867 and sentenced to a long term of imprisonment in Parramatta gaol. He was released by Sir Hercules Robinson, then Governor of New South Wales, and granted a free pardon in 1874. Frank Gardiner and several other bushrangers were similarly reprieved. Cummins eventually gave up his wild career and went to Gippsland, where he became James Long, which name he held till his death. He was often seen about Albury, and attended sheep, cattle and horse sales. He made whips and did jobs of droving for a living. He died at Wodonga in October 1909, aged 65.

How to start gold detecting

And be successful without depending on beginner’s luck!

By JL

We have all heard stories about newcomers finding ounce-plus nuggets their first time out with a detector; just like we have all heard of people who win tens of millions of dollars playing Powerball. Of course it happens; just don’t count on it. But if you follow the guidelines outlined in this article, I can guarantee you will find at least some small nuggets as a beginner while stopping short of guaranteeing you a Powerball jackpot.

But don’t do as Fred did. He borrowed an old detector and without seeking any advice, set off for the nearest well-known goldfield. When he got there all he saw was some old fenced-off mines and some new leases being bulldozed. Not knowing where to look or where he was permitted to detect, he scratched his head and set off for some uninhabited country nearby. He turned on his detector and its squeaking and berserk beeping tempted him to wrap it around a tree, but remembering it was borrowed, he restrained himself. Finally, he half sorted the machine out and found a large rusty bolt. That was all. He returned to town the next day utterly disheartened and ready to listen to anyone prepared to put an arm around his shoulder and tell him “all the gold is gone, mate.” If you follow some basic rules you will, I repeat, will, find gold, though I can’t promise riches.

Don’t listen to the cynics who will tell you it’s all gone. Just last year on Mother’s Day a father was simply walking with his daughter on the outskirts of Bendigo (without a detector) and his daughter pretty much kicked this 624-gram (20-ounce) nugget that was sitting on top of the ground.

Forget about buying a cheap secondhand, outdated unit. Detector technology has advanced dramatically in the last decade. It had to if it was going keep helping us find gold in previously detected ground. If you’re not sure you’ll enjoy detecting, hire a machine for a day or two, but remember that it takes time and perseverance to find gold. If you’re prepared to part with your hardearned and take the plunge, there are a few models that stand out from the also-rans. I’m yet to meet an experienced detector shop salesman who will lead you astray in this regard as they are always enthusiasts themselves.

However, if you’re talking to a bloke who only specialises in one brand, be prepared for a biased opinion. If you’re only chasing gold, buy a machine that is specifically made for finding the stuff. Some coin and relic machines are capable of finding nuggets, but finding small nuggets in highly mineralised ground is generally beyond their capabilities. Yet that is where most of your gold will come from. And you really want a machine with a fully automatic ground balancing ability. Does this mean that manually balanced machines shouldn’t be considered? Not necessarily.

There are relatively cheap machines that are excellent gold finders but if you buy one be prepared to patiently develop the difficult art of consistent ground balancing. It is a skill which continually improves but is never perfected, while an automatic machine balances perfectly and consistently. By the way, gold detecting machines generally have excellent depth on coins and the like but are limited in their ability to cancel out rubbish metal when it is thick on the ground.

WHERE TO GO

Don’t waste valuable holiday time by trusting to luck. Do a little research. You need to locate the nearest field which has been producing gold nuggets at shallow depth (up to about 30cm deep). If you have time, join a detecting safari with a professional guide. It’s a great way to learn the ropes quickly and you stand a chance of recouping the cost of the safari on your first outing. If you can’t join a safari:

1. Go to a prospecting shop and ask for maps and any other material relating to suitable goldfields that are easily accessible. Pump the proprietor for all the information you can, especially if he or she sold you the detector.

2. Sometimes tourist information centres located near goldfields have excellent local goldfield maps.

3. Contact the nearest state mines office and ask them to send you as much goldfields information as they have. Mines Department websites are reasonably comprehensive but they never put all the information they have on the site. If you don’t know if land is under lease contact local miners or farmers. If it is under lease, some leaseholders will give you permission to detect and even suggest where to look. Laws vary with each state but Crown Land is an open door with no hassles.

4. Find the phone number or email address of your nearest detector club. They are sure to advise you where to go but you will probably have to come along to their next meeting if you want all the information.

5. Ask Dr Google to help you with your research.

To start with, detect areas of ground that previous detector operators have found nuggets on. Don’t worry – they will have missed some of the smaller or deeper nuggets. It is far easier to find a little gold in a pre-worked area by careful scanning, than it is to fluke it in an untried area. Your new hi-tech machine will beep on tiny nuggets that older machines weren’t capable of finding. Remember, generally there are a dozen match-head sized pieces for every one pea-sized nugget, and a dozen peasized nuggets for every coin-sized nugget. You can find an occasional nugget in the mullock heaps of old diggings but you will find more on undug ground. Search within one metre to 300 metres of these workings if the ground is still hard or rocky. This unworked ground may have been too poor for the old timers to work but may prove productive for you and your detector.

Don’t detect in ground that isn’t hard, as gold would have sunk down to bedrock ages ago. If you can find ground where the bedrock (or clay, slate) is less than 30cm down, all the better. Any nuggets will be resting on it within reach of your search coil’s ability. After you have gained experienced on different goldfields, you will become familiar with the types of ground that might hold gold. This knowledge will later enable you to do some more ambitious prospecting on the fringes of goldfields, or even beyond. Professional prospectors often use bulldozers to enable them to detect deeper layers of ground and many detector operators avoid these worked areas like the plague.

That’s fine because you’ll be able to find the gold they turned their noses up at. Usually there are some small bits of gold that have been left behind. So, if you were to start your search in a bulldozed area, you would be an intelligent beginner. If you don’t know an experienced person, join a detector club to begin with. Personally I prefer to detect with just one or two mates but clubs are often the best way of gaining experience and you’ll learn quickly by tagging along. And, like I said, if you can spare the time sign up for a detecting safari. The professional guides usually are more knowledgeable than club operators and will take you into top areas.

HOW TO USE YOUR DETECTOR

When you find a promising area (gradings, old diggings, shallow ground) do not detect just any haphazard course. Choose a small patch, say 15 metres by 15 metres and cover every square centimetre of it. Do this by keeping the search coil within one centimetre of the ground and sweeping it slowly – sweep the coil no more than about half a metre from side to side keeping it as level as possible and move forward, about 5cm, with each sweep. About one third of a coil’s length is more sensitive than the rest of it. If you find nothing, keep trying other patches of ground until you find a nugget, then be extra careful as there are usually more to be found. Ignore most wide, gradual changes in sound as they are usually due to ground mineralisation. But dig up any short or sharp signals, no matter how faint. Most of the targets will be small hot rocks or scrap metal but some will be gold. If you have a manual ground balance machine, you might have to rebalance every 15cm to every six metres, depending on ground conditions.

If you find a bit of gold and the ground has leaves, sticks or rocks covering it, get your garden rake out and rake the ground smooth. If there are small nuggets about you will greatly improve your chances by doing this, as your detector will penetrate deeper into the ground. If the signal is faint, first scrape a little soil from the indicated spot to one side. If the signal moves then sprinkle the soil from the heap onto the search coil. It will beep when the metal object touches it. Then simply blow the earth off the coil and the little yellow object will be left behind. Bury a match-head sized piece of lead at 1cm and a pea-sized piece at 4cm. Pass your coil over them and get used to the faint sound they will produce. Practice in your backyard or the beach where the ground has little mineralisation, before you attempt the difficult goldfield ground.

If and when things get back to some semblance of normality around Australia’s coastline, surf carnivals like this will re-emerge and with them the legend of the lost $2 coins will continue

The $2 coin (include the $1 as well) is specifically designed for metal detectors. They are heavy and flat, producing an excellent signal. They even look like gold. With their smooth, slippery finish they were undeniably designed to fall straight out of the pocket of any reclining figure. In short, their whole purpose in life was to be given out as change, lost, recovered, and spent as quickly as possible, thus allowing the cycle to repeat itself again and again. I approached this new windfall scientifically, and to ensure a measure of success, I took to following the activities of the local surf club with great interest. While surf clubs mainly exist only in the more populated areas, they are all grouped into branches and districts. Throughout the summer they are continually involved in various competitions within these branches and districts. General carnivals, Rubber Ducky rescue boat races, and most importantly, Little Nipper competitions. Practically every Sunday one of these types of events is happening at a beach near you.

The point to remember is that these competitions bring spectators. Spectators bring money. Spectators also attract myriad opportunists; raffle salesmen, ice cream vendors, drink and pie purveyors, and many other such reasons for opening a purse or a wallet. Because the miserable copper coin no longer exists, the currency mainly involves 50-cent, $1 and $2 coins. While I am not a student of gravitation, I do recognise that a $2 coin will fall into the sand faster, deeper, and with less chance of recovery than any other coin currently minted. Multiply your own previous bad experiences in this regard by the hundreds nay thousands that attend these surf carnivals, and you will begin to understand how much loot is possibly now laying, unseen, beneath your feet just waiting for you to wave your magic wand around. Perhaps, even now, there may be some detector purists still thinking, “But who wants to only concentrate on coins with no historical or collection value?” My answer is, while they are still legal tender, “me”. Non-historical, noncollectable, totally uninteresting coins that have no greater value than to spend them. I love them! I know that in every beachside town and caravan park lurks many a detector operator who has placed his machine on ‘hold’ (another word for ‘disinterested’) and hopefully this article will jog your motivation bones back into action. However, before you rush madly down to the beach, let me offer a few words of advice to make your search a lot easier:

1. Check with your local surf club for the dates and location of the various competitions.

2. Having ascertained the date and venue, visit the carnival while it is in progress. In this way you can note the areas where the most spectators are congregated. Also watch for the food outlet sites. These are the prime areas to hit later.

3. Don’t wait for later. Be there ready to operate as soon as the crowd starts to thin out. Tomorrow will be ten detector operators too late.

4. When detecting, use headphones if possible. With recently dropped coins your signal will be loud and clear, but the headphones will cut down on surf noise and they certainly discourage inquisitive little kids and talkative old ladies. If pushed for a definite answer, tell them you have only found two 5-cent coins and a million bits of foil. This will discourage them from competing with you next week.

5. Most important, make, buy, acquire, or steal a sand scoop. In today’s society, to plunge an unprotected hand into the sand while groping for the source of a signal courts unimaginable danger from used syringes, broken beer bottles, sharp plastic containers and even the odd large rusty nail left over from the burnt out barbecue or beach angler’s late night fire.

6. Always remember to take the rubbish you find with you. If it’s not worth keeping, it’s certainly not worth digging up again next week. Carry a dilly bag for this garbage and put it in the bin on your way off the beach. Remember with pride, that if you found nothing of value, at least you left the beach in better condition than you found it.

NOTE: The $2 coin was introduced in 1988 and replaced the $2 note. In its first year, 161 million were minted, followed by an average of 22 million coins per year up to and including 2008. From 2008 up to 2017, an average of 27 million $2 coins were minted every year. Interestingly, the $1 and $2 and coins are only legal tender up to the sum of not exceeding 10 times the face value of the coin concerned.

Northern Territory gold

by Bushranger

We’d had the good fortune of having found gold in each state we’d visited in the past few years – Queensland, New South Wales and “Mexico” (Victoria) – and now it was time to turn our attention to the Northern Territory. Like NSW, the NT didn’t make you purchase a licence to fossick for gold but there were limits on the quantities of gemstones and minerals, including gold, you could remove. In Victoria a Miner’s Right will set you back $24.20 but that is for 10 years. Only Queensland rips you off by charging either $8.50 for one month, $32.25 for six months or $54.30 for an individual for one year!

While exploring the East MacDonnell Ranges, we visited the long-deserted gold rush town Arltunga, about 110km east of Alice Springs. Arltunga was the first major European settlement in Central Australia and the town was named after a subgroup of the Arrente Aborigines who had been living in the area for thousands of years.

The author’s biggest helping of NT gold

The Arltunga Visitor Information Centre has an excellent display of historical photographs and objects, and plenty of information about the history of the area, including descriptions of the mining techniques that were used in this unforgiving desert environment. We prospected for one week on the Arltunga goldfield and found several large gold-quartz specimens, some jasper, and a few interesting copper-quartz specimens. In the late 1880’s, the explorer David Lindsay, trekked through the area and observed that there appeared to be “rubies” in the bed of the Hale River at a location which was subsequently named Ruby Gap. A few years later, it was found that these gemstones were in fact high-grade garnets, and not gemstone-quality rubies, which, back then, attracted excellent prices in London.

A gold-on-quartz specimen for the collection

We found several small gem-quality pink garnets at Ruby Gap and Glen Annie Gorge, and in some parts of the dry, sandy bed of the Hale River we found areas of relatively recent wash which contained thousands of tiny pink garnets glistening in the sunlight.

After much research, including talking to several long-time NT gold prospectors and cattlemen, we suspected that our best chance of detecting gold would likely be in an area which was claimed to be “the richest alluvial goldfield in the Northern Territory.”

Fortunately, we obtained permission to fossick on a one-million- acre cattle station while the owners were conducting aerial mustering operations. We felt honoured, as complete strangers, to be the sole recipients of such incredible kindness from this wonderful family.

Over the next 10 days we were the only authorised fossickers on this huge property, and we explored some stunning and harsh terrain. We covered a lot of ground on foot, walking up to 22km per day, and covering more than 100km in seven days, in hot, dusty and windy conditions. Most days I swung my Minelab SDC 2300 for up to seven hours per day, and downed up to eight litres of water per day to keep hydrated. Fortunately I had a spare protective skid- plate cover for my detector coil as the sharp, hard rocks gouged through the plastic cover within a week of use.

The super-heavy duty ‘Little Brother Digger’ pick I bought on eBay was excellent for breaking the hard ground I encountered on a daily basis, and a 10mm heavy-duty, hardened steel chain was just the ticket for drag-gridding the small patches I found. Loaded up with all my gear, which probably added about 20% to my body weight, I felt like a pack mule but the custom-made soft orthotic insoles in my Aussie-made Redback boots made the task of trekking a lot easier. As a result of the hard yards we put in, we found gold nuggets and/or gold-on- quartz specimens every day, mainly near “greenstone” outcrops and “floater” boulders. I also found two patches where we recovered multiple gold nuggets. We also found several fine specimens of agate and jasper.

I have now used my SDC2300 for a few thousand hours in the field and am very impressed by the performance of this “Fast Pulse Inductor”. I’ve also had the opportunity to provide feedback to its inventor, Dr Bruce Candy.

I recently purchased some enhancement accessories for the 2300, including an acoustic soundshell and a knuckle cover, and am currently considering the merits of Garnets from Ruby Gap buying an 11-inch Coiltek Gold Extreme coil for detecting gold at greater depths.

Technically, an 11-inch coil has a diameter which is about 35% longer, and a surface area about 90% larger than the standard Minelab 8-inch coil. Coiltek provided air-testing data (of a 20-cent coin) which suggested an increased “air” detection depth in the order of about 20% using the 11-inch coil compared with the 8-inch coil. So, in some instances, I might achieve an increased detection depth of five or six centimetres.

Explorer David Lindsay (1856- 1922). In 1885 and 1886 Lindsay surveyed the country between the overland telegraph line and the Queensland border, explored the MacDonnell Ranges, made a brief foray into the Simpson Desert, and spent six month in the country between Lake Nash and Powell’s Creek

It makes me wonder how many slightly deeper gold nuggets I passed my coil over without knowing they were there. My “wish-list” prospecting kit would also include the addition of a “discontinued” Minelab GPX4500, complemented by a Nugget Finder Evo 15-inch coil. I better talk to my Minister of Food, Fashion & Finance about such a worthy future investment!

Remembering the 2,000-ounce patch

by Bruce R. Legendre

When one thinks of big nuggets, monsters such as the Welcome Stranger, the Welcome, the Golden Eagle, and the more recent Hand of Faith all come to mind. Well, we never found a single nugget that came remotely close to any of the four I just mentioned, but my brother, Joe, and I were involved in a couple of patches that went better than 1,500 ounces all up. Not that we got to keep it all, but we were the ones who found the first nuggets in new country where no-one had looked before, or if they had, they’d missed it. I also prospected in two other areas in the Stirling Ranges just north of Leonora where two patches were found that went better than 700 ounces. One was the Royal Arthur found by the Leonora Aborigines in 1989, which turned into a real free-for-all with half the town out there and everybody getting good gold. Believe it or not, it was only 600 or 700 metres from a series of shafts and right in the guts of this new alluvial find was a small surface dig from the old days. The other patch was found close to Mount Fouracre. Peter Randles walked onto it and the exact number of ounces it produced was, well, let’s just say many hundreds.

That patch was situated right next to one of the major tracks in the area with workings to the south and east. The area had been hammered by everyone from Leonora, the local Aborigines, and tourists from every state, but when I visited Peter I had to laugh when he told me he had twigged two beautiful quartz specimens for 30 ounces which had been hiding underneath low hanging mulga branches, the kind that hug the ground. It was the old story of everyone being too lazy to move a few tree limbs that were in the way.

The old extensive alluvial patches where the old timers blew hectares and hectares of loam, like Lake Darlot, Duketon, and Wilsons’ Patch, produced tens of thousands of ounces for the metal detector operators who had been working them since 1977, when it all started with the Garrett Deepseeker. But the best patch, without a doubt, was David John’s prospect in the Goanna Patch. It went 2,000 ounces before David flogged it for a quarter of a million and headed off into the sunrise to the eastern opal fields. My brother, Big Royce, and I were prospecting north of David’s ground back in 1985 and 1986 and we called in to say hello every month or so on our way out of town, having made the run to replenish supplies.

Copies of David John’s book, Bloody Gold, which details the difficulties he faced in winning gold from the Goanna Patch, are hard to come by these days

They were exciting times for David. The gold was coming in daily and it was very good gold. David always enjoyed a bit of company in those days and was celebrating his good fortune on a daily basis: a slab of beer and a bottle of rum together with a few hundred ounces of metal to admire, made for a very festive atmosphere, particularly when we were coming in on the bones of our arse not having found anything in weeks and weeks.

How the whole show came together was that David had given up commercial fishing in South Australia and came out to Leonora as a new chum, with limited assets, an old milk delivery van, a Garrett A2B, and the ability to find just enough gold to keep body and soul together. He’d pegged an SPL (Special Prospectors License) on a mineral claim that was held by a large company as one of many that carpeted the entire area. They did little or no work, content to sit on the ground in a speculative fashion hoping that one day something would occur that would enable them to make money. This modus operandi actually worked if you could hold onto ground long enough and were prepared to fictionalise your annual work reports.

Well, the warden in Leonora’s monthly court granted David the SPL which was no mean feat I can assure you, having attempted the same thing myself with no success. If the opposition showed up maintaining that they were planning an exploration project in the area that you’d pegged, well, you were up the proverbial creek. David had done his homework and was truly prepared to work the ground.

He put a few dry blow shots through a small sampling machine that ran off the battery of a motorcar, and was powered by a windscreen wiper motor. He’d gotten colours of similar texture and size on both sides of a creek and figured that the middle ground between the two must be the source. So he put his entire bankroll – the grand total of 1.5 ounces of gold – into renting a backhoe for half a day. That was it. Half a day to produce the goods or the fat lady had sung.

The backhoe operator came down from Leinster and put in a costean through the creek where David reckoned it might be. Well, to cut a long story short, there ended up being more than 200 ounces in the mullock heaps alone! It was more than enough to kick-start any alluvial operation. David went and bought himself a Cat D7, a compressor, a motor grader, a rock drill, gelignite, another caravan and ute, and heaps of good tucker and refreshments.

He then systematically scraped an area of several hectares over the next couple of years, working some days, celebrating others. He kept all the metal somewhere in his camp which was common knowledge in the goldfields, but I don’t think anyone was game to take him on as he had a reputation of being a bit eccentric and heavily armed – a reputation that I can assure you, was on the money.

David’s 2,000 ounces made him the king of the Eastern goldfields. I saw him every now and then in Leonora after he’d returned from the opal fields. He’d decided to have another crack at gold. Like all of us, he was broader around the waist and his hard drinking days were over.

Today the goldfields need fresh blood. All you need is a reliable detector, a reasonable vehicle and patience, patience, patience. Once you read about the boom, it’s too late. But it can never be too early if you’ve got very little to lose for starters. So, if you’re broke, depressed, have had a gutful of being a citizen or all of the above – have you tried being a prospector?

Life and death in the Queensland gold escort

With the discovery of gold in Australia in the 1850s, there came a time when the police force had to perform extra duties in and around the gold mining towns. As well as making arrests, and serving warrants and summons, one of their main responsibilities was gold escort duties. The first ever gold escort departed Mount

Alexander near Castlemaine, Victoria, on 5th March, 1852, carrying 5,199 ounces of gold and arrived in Adelaide two weeks later. Eventually, 18 trips were made between 1852 and 1853 transporting 328,502 ounces of gold. The Victorian- goldfields to Adelaide route was notable for the distance and amount of gold carried – almost a quarter of all gold, 1,520,578 ounces, transported within Victoria during the gold rush years from 1851 to 1865.

Queensland separated from NSW in 1859 and between 1861 and 1867 there were a number of gold discoveries at Clermont, Cloncurry, Cape River, Nanango, Gympie and Kilkivan. Because of the vast distances that had to be travelled in order to deliver the gold to the banks, and because Queensland could no longer draw on police manpower from NSW, the gold escort was formed in Queensland in 1864.

Gold escort group photographed at Normanton, c.1895

Because of the dangers involved, the pay was doubled for any policeman while he was actually escorting the gold to its destination. The ever-present danger of robbery, accidents, and attacks from Aborigines were part and parcel of life for the escort police.

At the time of the first gold discoveries, the aborigines in some of the gold-producing areas were extremely troublesome and in the years before the police took charge of the gold escorts, there were numerous attacks with some prospectors and troopers losing their lives.

When the first goldfields opened up, most of the terrain encountered was difficult to traverse and packhorses were used rather than wheeled conveyances. Each horse carried up to 1,200 ounces of gold and was led by one constable. In front were two men with fully loaded guns at the ready, followed at the rear by another armed constable. Also, a number of native troopers were usually employed to lead the extra packhorses which carried blankets, cooking utensils, tents and so on as the trip usually took many days.

As the escort police and horses were not employed solely for gold escort work, this operation took too many police away from the district and in one instance, when 16,000 ounces was conveyed from Georgetown to Croydon, it left one station closed and five other smaller stations with only one or two men on duty. The trip took 22 days and involved an enormous escort squad of 15 police, eight native troopers and 65 horses.

The gold escort about to depart Georgetown, c.1900

Another worry for the Commissioner was the need to procure and keep horses. Each horse had to be kept in top condition for such duties and a lot of them simply couldn’t last the distance. In times of drought, when hay and corn was more expensive, it had to be brought in from larger towns and the cost to the Government was considerable.

In 1870 it was announced by the Commissioner that gold escort vans would be built. This would not only reduce the number of police needed to escort the gold, but would also decrease the number of horses needed, even though four horses were used to pull the coach which could carry up to one ton.

Following is an extract from the 1876 Police Manual that outlines the rules by which gold was to be escorted between the goldfields and the banks.

1 – On the regular lines of road, or on other lines where the amount of gold or treasure is large, the escort will be composed of one officer, one sergeant, and four constables.

2 – One mounted constable will form the advance guard, riding from 100 to 150 yards in front of the conveyance, according to the nature of the country through which the treasure is in transit. One mounted constable will march on the right, and another on the left flank, keeping as nearly as possible parallel with the conveyance, and at such a distance from it, not exceeding 100 yards, as the nature of the country will permit. The other constable will follow in rear, at about the same distance behind the conveyance as the one in front is before, all keeping constantly in view of the officer in charge.

3 – The sergeant will march immediately behind the conveyance, except when ordered by the officer to see that the men are performing their duty properly, under which circumstances the officer will take the sergeant’s place, so that at all times during the march, either the officer or the sergeant may be immediately behind the conveyance.

Gold escort waiting to load seven boxes of bullion at Croydon, c.1905

Depending on the cargo carried (gold, coins or notes) the escort fees varied. Sometimes escort fees would rise if it was a particularly dangerous journey and more men were required, or if a ‘Special Consignment’ was carried. In 1894 the miners on the Georgetown goldfield, angered by the amount of money the Government was skimming off the top, asked for the fee to be reduced from sixpence to fourpence per ounce. In one instance the Government received £184 in fees for the carriage of gold from Georgetown to Croyden but only incurred an actual cost to them of £30.

The Government were raking it in as there were monthly escorts on the Gympie- Maryborough run, the Gilbert and Cape

River goldfields to Townsville run, and the run from Clermont to Rockhampton. But the danger of robbery by bushrangers or attack by aborigines was always present and by 1889 the cost of maintaining the gold escort service had become such a serious issue that it was decided public coaches could do the job just as well.

Cobb & Co. coaches were used with the minimum number of men employed to guard the gold. Inspectors were also removed from gold escort duties. Later, consignments of gold and valuables were carried by train as the railways opened up. Usually only one constable was used in conjunction with railway employees to escort pay boxes to the mines and to escort gold and valuables out.

MURDERS OF POWER AND CAHILL

Seated L to R: Sergeant Julian, Constable Cahill, Constable Power and Gold Commissioner Griffin. The two Native Mounted Police (rear) are not named. (Supplied by Queensland Police Museum)

In November, 1867, troopers John Francis Power, 25, and Patrick William Cahill, 27, were given the responsibility of escorting £4,000 in cash and bullion from Rockhampton to Clermont on horseback.

Rockhampton’s Gold Commissioner at the time, 35-year-old Thomas John Griffin, offered to join the escort on the pretext of the troopers’ inexperience but it was later discovered his real plan was to ride as far as the Mackenzie River, stage a bushranger robbery and steal the cash and bullion for himself.

Griffin owed £252 to six Chinese diggers who had entrusted him with their gold for safekeeping. Griffin subsequently gambled this away. The Chinese men made repeated demands for the return of their gold or its value but Griffin was unable to pay the debt, became increasingly desperate and probably around this time, in August 1867, came up with the idea of robbing the gold escort.

The day before the murders, on November 5, 1867, the three men arrived at the Mackenzie River crossing and set up camp close to where the Bedford Weir sits today. Throughout the day, the trio reportedly frequented a nearby bush pub and Griffin took the opportunity to drug the drinks of the two police officers.

Later that night, Griffin reportedly shot the two men dead and rode back to Rockhampton, burying the money and gold along the way. After Griffin had arrived back in Rockhampton, news broke that Cahill and Power had been discovered dead near where they had camped on the Mackenzie River near Bedford’s hotel, and the money that they had been escorting to Clermont was missing.

A party, including Griffin, was assembled to travel to the scene to investigate the deaths which were initially believed to have been a result of poisoning, after the discovery of two dead pigs near the scene. However, after a post-mortem examination by Dr David Salmond, it was discovered the two troopers had both been shot in the head. No evidence of poison was found, but Dr Salmond expressed an initial view that the two men had been affected by a narcotic of some type and were shot while in a “state of stupor” from its affects.

Griffin was arrested at the scene at approximately 10am on 11th November, 1867, following the exhumation of the two bodies. It was alleged Griffin did “feloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought, kill and murder Patrick Cahill and John Power.” His trial started on 16th March, 1868. On 24th March the jury disagreed with Griffin’s plea of “not guilty” and the judge sentenced him to be hanged at the Rockhampton Gaol on 1st June, 1868.

In a bizarre turn of events, more than a week after he was buried, Griffin’s grave was dug up and his head was cut off and stolen.

Rockhampton journalist and historian, J. T. S. Bird, claimed that the main culprit was local Rockhampton doctor, William Callaghan, who took the head away and buried it in a friend’s garden before collecting it. Bird claimed the skull was in the doctor’s local surgery until his death in 1912. There have since been unsubstantiated reports that the skull now sits on a shelf an upper class private residence in Rockhampton.

Research reaps rewards in a Queensland ghost town

By Chris D

The author’s finds at the site

I’ve been detecting for coins and relics for almost 10 years now, and while my enthusiasm for the hobby has waxed and waned over the years, the underlying passion for unearthing the next bit of treasure has never left me. Initially my detecting was centred on local areas around Brisbane which is where I live. No park or reserve was safe from my trusty Teknetics Omega 8000 and, as with most of us, the hobby soon became an addiction. At some stage I upgraded to a Minelab Explorer II which I nicknamed the ‘Silver Slayer’ and now run with a Minelab Equinox 800 which is proving to be the most versatile and ergonomically friendly machine I’ve ever used. Somewhere along the way, finding predecimal coins in local parks became less of a challenge and the history behind the finds started to take on more importance.

The online history hub, Trove, became my new best friend and I started to assemble a range of handy research tools. Suddenly the detective work involved in finding a site became more important than what I actually found. The Eureka moment of unearthing a coin or relic that ‘proved’ a site after months of painstaking research, became my new addiction.

Here in Queensland we’re not as lucky as you buggers down south as the State was only officially formed in 1859, so the age of our sites don’t compare with the really early Australian settlements. Once the restrictions of the penal colony were lifted, a large number of towns sprang up around the old coach routes and then later along the railway lines that linked the expanse that is Queensland. Some of these places survived and grew into the towns we know today, but many, many others, for a variety of reasons, thrived and then died out and were lost to the bush. My driving passion evolved into searching for these lonely, long-forgotten locations and to hopefully uncover some of the secrets of their past.

Some 2,300,000 1914 KGV florins were minted and in Very Good condition they fetch around $16

The 1914 King George V florin as it came to light. At the time it was lost, the drums of World War I were beating

Town B was one of these locations. My research indicated it was a bush settlement in the 1890s with a church, a pub and some shops but it only really thrived from the turn of the century into the 1930s. There was nothing very special about the town itself but what stood out was that they had a very enthusiastic cricket team that played ‘away’ games all around the local area and hosted ‘home’ games at their very own recreation reserve. Trove was full of articles about the town hall that adjoined the reserve, which also had tennis courts and an active tennis club. Piecing together a multitude of information gave me a pretty good general idea of the location and Google Earth did the rest.

The author’s best find was this 1915 penny of which only 930,000 were minted. More than 100 years later, they are fairly scarce. As it marks the year Australians went ashore at Gallipoli, it has historical significance

Eventually it was time to get boots on the ground and when I arrived on site, it was very gratifying to see the remnants of the old tennis court enclosure still standing. I was keen to find the site of the hall, figuring the majority of coins and relics would be in this area. An interesting article in Trove indicated that at one time there was a prize for any batsman who could hit a six over the hall. I knew where the cricket pitch was, so, thinking logically, I looked for any flat ground within a well struck ‘six’ of the wicket and came up with an area near the tennis courts, which, on reflection, made perfect sense.

It didn’t take long to get set up and start swinging. I’m sure everyone can relate to the excitement of detecting a new site, and I actually stopped and took a few moments to enjoy the anticipation of what was hopefully to come. The first coin out of the ground was a beautiful 1903 King Edward VII penny which retained that lovely deep green patina that most of the early British coins seem to have. I was pretty happy to find a coin that reflected the earliest use of the site and now had great expectations for a successful day detecting. For the next few hours I just wandered about as I was planning to return the following week with a mate for a more thorough gridding of the site.

A nice old 1917M (Melbourne Mint) shilling saw the light of day for the first time in a long time, quickly followed by an equally impressive 1920M version. An old brooch, a few pennies and a more modern 1953 Florin came up with the usual rubbish found in these types of sites. Just as I was about to call if quits for the morning, a beautiful high tone stopped me in my tracks. The soil here was very sandy and the coins were coming out in great condition, so I had high hopes this was going to be something special, and I wasn’t disappointed – a lovely 1914 King George V florin that looked like it must have been pretty new when it was dropped. I had only just been reading on the Australian Metal Detecting & Relic Hunting (AMDRH) forum that several members had recently found one and I was hoping their luck might have rubbed off on me. It’s amazing how often, when you visualise something, it actually comes to pass!

The author managed to find an old image of the local cricket team

While I was researching the town I came across an old black and white photograph of the local cricket team. Sitting back looking at the beautiful coin that had just come to light, I wondered if the coin had been lost when one of those ghosts from the past flipped it to see who batted first? Impossible to tell of course, but it’s nice to imagine all the same. These tangible links between the past and the present are what makes the long hours or research worthwhile, and it really is a surreal feeling to handle a coin or relic that was last touched more than a hundred years ago. Hot, sweaty and mildly dehydrated from the heat, I got back in the car feeling well pleased with the morning. I returned the following week with my mate Gary to give the site a more thorough going over. One of the great benefits of this hobby is meeting like-minded people and sharing the excitement of the hunt. Gary and I had met through contact on the AMDRH forum and this was our first combined effort, and one that was eagerly anticipated. It was a typically hot and humid Queensland day and we soon had sweat dripping from our brows. The undergrowth was very thick in a lot of places and prevented any dedicated gridding, however the finds started showing up on a regular basis and kept us both busy for several hours.

It’s been a long time since the last game of tennis was played on these courts but remnants like these are the things you need to keep an eye out for as they are markers of where people gathered

Along with a nice shilling and other bits and pieces, Gary also found the brass top from a 1930s cricket stump which, to my mind, was the find of the day as it tied in directly with the past use of the site. My best for the day was a 1915H (Heaton Mint) penny in pretty good condition – not a rare coin but a harder one to get. As previously mentioned, the soil here was a very sandy type of loam and very kind to the coins with most pennies coming out retaining that lovely green patina. Sitting back enjoying a cold drink and some delicious homemade biscuits Gary’s wife had thoughtfully provided, we couldn’t help but reflect on the tenacity and endurance of the early pioneers who carved out a life in what was once a very isolated location. There really is a deep sense of satisfaction in rescuing these little bits of history from the earth.

Treasure in the Shallows

If you enjoy digging up coins, jewellery, or even gold on dry land, it’s time you thought about getting some gold from shallow water. Sure, there are a lot of things lost on dry land or the beach, but the majority of valuable items are lost in the water and are therefore inaccessible to land-oriented detectors simply because electronics and water don’t mix. But don’t despair.

These days there are numerous affordable underwater detectors readily available from leading manufacturers such as Garrett, Minelab, Nokta and Fisher along with those from lesser-known reputable makers. And of course there are those being turned out by rip-off factories in Guangzhou, China. Avoid these at all costs. Shallow-water treasure hunters have a lot going for them because of the laws of physics.

Heat expands, cold contracts. It’s one of those immutable natural laws. The human body is designed to function on dry land and works best at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. When the body enters the water it loses heat 24 times faster than on land. Any scuba diving manual will tell you this. As the body cools, the extremities shrink, fingers included.

That ring that was once a good fit now becomes quite loose as this shrinkage occurs. The body’s natural oils in combination with saltwater makes a great lubricant causing rings to slip off fingers. Unless you happen to have a detector with you at the time, there’s little chance of locating and getting the ring back.

Why? Well, gold has a specific gravity (SG) of 19.2, which in layman’s terms means it is a heavy element, much heavier than sand which has an SG of about 2.5. Because sand is comprised of particles, the ring, being heavier, will bury itself in a very short space of time making recovery almost impossible unless, of course, you have an underwater detector on hand.

People are vain and like to wear jewellery; it’s fashionable and trendy. Women and men both wear wedding rings. The woman might also wear engagement or eternity rings, both of which may contain precious gemstones.

Any treasure hunter would be envious of a collection of gold, platinum and silver rings such as this, especially the rings containing diamonds and other precious gems

 While these gemstones by themselves will not elicit a response from the metal detector, the detector will pick up the surrounding metal, which could be gold, silver or platinum.

Next time you go to the beach, have a good look at the hands of swimmers and see how many people are wearing rings and entering the water with them. You’d be surprised. For some reason people just don’t take them off.

Mother Nature is now working on your side because a percentage of those people are going to lose some of their jewellery.

The variety of items found in the water boggles the mind. You can understand rings, watches, charm bracelets, bangles, gold and silver chains, pendants, medallions and coins, but reading glasses and sunglasses, hearing aids, car keys and mobile phones – seriously!

Once you decide to take up shallow water detecting as a hobby, in addition to your detector you will need to make or buy a special recovery scoop and also construct a floating sieve or screen out of an old inner tube (if you can find one in this day of tubeless tyres) and a suitable piece of wire mesh.

Bondi Beach

People have been frequenting beaches in Australia for at least 120 years and they just keep getting more and more crowded. Above we have Sydney’s Bondi on a hot summer’s day.

Dameisha beach

Seems quite crowded until you compare it with Dameisha beach near the Chinese city of Shenzhen. The mind boggles at what swimmers here would lose on a hot day

I use a motor cycle tube attached to a piece of 10cm interwoven mesh. Aviary wire has a tendency to come apart at the solder joints and if you have a very sensitive detector, you could find yourself trying to recover tiny bits of solder that have come away from the sieve.

Almost anyone can get into the water and start winning some gold. All it takes is the desire to succeed and a good dose of patience because at times you can swing that detector back and forth for quite a while without hitting a target.

Because there is also less junk in the water than on the beach, it’s safe to say that most targets will be good ones. There’s nothing quite like looking into the sieve and seeing a nice glint of yellow.

Almost every beach has what is known as a near-shore channel and an off-shore channel. Tidal movements scour these channels and at certain times, rings and other valuables which have been lost, maybe years ago, come within reach of the detector.

I say years ago because it is not unusual to find Victorian-era artefacts in the water. And many of those objects, lost years ago, are still waiting for someone to recover them.

The sea is our last frontier; it’s almost virgin territory to today’s detector operator. In Australia there are thousands of kilometres of coastline, thousands of places where people have swum, and the older the area, the more chance you have of finding something unique, unusual or interesting.

During the late 1970s, when metal detectors first started to make their presence felt here, a new gold rush occurred with people visiting the goldfields in the hope of finding nuggets the old timers missed. Now the gold rush is on in the water because there happens to be tonnes of it waiting to be recovered. With the high cost of fuel today, it’s more economical to drive to the beach than to head to the goldfields in the hope that you might find a speck or two.

Sure, there were plenty of people who were lucky enough to find good gold in the early days but those days are long gone. The majority of the big stuff was cleaned up years ago and traded for a new swimming pool, car or even house. And the Mines Department doesn’t replace the gold nuggets out of the funds it gets from your taxes. On the other hand, my 100-year-old bank is open 24 hours a day. I can go down there most times and with a little work and effort, make a withdrawal or two.

Davey Jones Bank doesn’t worry about paperwork either. Just a little effort and some research into tidal movements, channels, longshore drift and tide times and you could be making those withdrawals too.

There are certain things you will need first up apart from those already mentioned. For starters, you’ll need either a good pair of waist waders or a wetsuit. I prefer a wetsuit because a good 7mm suit will keep you nice and warm and is more streamlined in the water. Waders are all right but should a wave come along or you walk into deep water, they will fill up and you could be in trouble. A good wetsuit should last several years of continuous use so it’s a much better investment.

You’ll also need a sturdy pair of sneakers or wetsuit boots. You often dig up broken glass and unless you have some protection, you could end up with cut feet. Some kind of bag to put your goodies is a must along with another bag to put your rubbish in. If you put your trash in the rubbish bin, you won’t have to dig the same thing up time and again.

People do watch what you’re doing and will frown upon an individual throwing the junk back into the water. Be a good treasure hunter and do the right thing; if you dig it up, dispose of it in the bin where it belongs.

The best times to work are two hours before and two hours after low tide. This allows you to get into the channels where a lot of valuables accumulate.

I prefer to grid a channel by going back and forth across it. Depending on the detector you are using, this could mean having to continually retune as you go.

Other treasure hunters might prefer to search parallel to the beach detecting for perhaps 20 metres and then coming back. If you work it this way, remember to go to the deepest section first as you can always detect the shallower parts as the tide comes in.

Once a target has been located, pinpoint it by using a north-south, east-west crisscrossing method. The target is directly below the strongest signal. Should the target be too big, or near the surface, try lifting the coil to locate the exact target centre. Once located, place your foot behind the coil, remove the coil and use the digging tool to extract the target.

In the USA some shallow water treasure hunters make a handsome living out of what they detect

Here’s where the floating sieve comes in handy because the sand will go through the sieve leaving the target there for you to retrieve. It’s best to supervise this action because if you have a chain, it could easily slip through the mesh so it pays to keep an eye on things. Sometimes you’ll get targets that don’t show up in the sieve. If this happens it was more than likely metal trash such as a small nail or rivet.

But it would be a serious mistake to assume that any beach has been cleaned out. Valuables have been accumulating at any popular beach for more than 120 years and very few people have taken up this hobby and started to recover them. The sea bed can also change dramatically overnight. For instance, one day you’ll search for hours and get nothing, then, overnight, something happens and the next day you’ll have targets galore to pick up.

The best time to search is after a hot, sunny day. Go to the beach during the day and look for the area in the channels where most people are swimming. Go back during the evening, when everyone’s left the beach, and search these areas – you’ll be surprised at the amount of valuables you find.

There’s nothing to stop you working at night either. All you need is a good waterproof or underwater torch. Tie it to your sieve so you don’t have to worry about as carrying it. Just drag it behind you and use it only when you have to. The sea is like a giant Christmas pudding, the valuables being the fruit, the sand being the dough. It’s in a constant state of movement owing to tidal action. Hit the channels on the right day and at the right time and Davey Jones will open up his locker to you for a short while. It won’t last forever so spend as much time as you can in there and get what you can, while you can. The next time you detect the same area I guarantee it won’t be the same.

However, if you’re searching a lake or river bed, it’s a different ballgame because you have no tides to contend with and the object remains where it was dropped. There must be hundreds of old swimming holes around and with a little research it wouldn’t be too difficult to locate them.

A lot of shallow water metal detecting is done in the USA in rivers and lakes and some of the professional treasure hunters there have been known to pick up close to 100 rings in a day from these places.

Precious metals are hallmarked in one way or another and can easily be recognised from plated objects. For example, sterling silver is marked 925, while Britannia Silver, which is used on special occasions, is marked 958. With regards gold, 9ct is marked as 375; 14ct as 585; 18ct as 750; and 22ct as 916. Should you be lucky enough to get an item with 950 on it, you’ve hit the jackpot and got something made out of platinum, which is worth far more than gold.

On a lot of British jewellery there are other hallmarks which denote the mint in which the gold was assayed and a letter which tells you the year of manufacture, enabling you to date your finds. The year was put on for tax reasons. Several books are available on hallmarks and it pays to have one in your library because you could find a valuable antique without knowing it. Antique dealers love to get items for less than their real value so don’t let them profit from your ignorance. Do your homework.

Anyone wearing a wetsuit will find that the extra buoyancy caused by the neoprene rubber will mean they have to start wearing a weight belt with about 10 kilos of lead on it. Even with the extra weight, digging in deep water can cause a few problems especially on deep targets.

Detecting in shallow water is like looking for a needle in a haystack. One must listen carefully to the signals given off by the detector and learn how to interpret them. A good operator, after a short time, will be able to tell the size of the object, be it big or small, but there’s no way of knowing what the target is until you dig it up and it’s in your sieve. Stainless steel digging tools are the best for several reasons. They are light in weight, they cut through the sand faster than mild steel, and they are stronger. On the other side of the coin, stainless steel is more expensive than mild steel and harder to drill and work.

Water causes a lot of drag, especially when the tide’s running. Don’t fight the drag, instead, try to work with it. That drag is good in many ways because it slows down your search meaning you become more methodical. Anyone trying to work too fast in water is not only missing good targets but also putting undue strain on his/ her equipment and also tiring themselves out a lot faster.

Essential gear for a shallow water treasure hunter is a floating sieve and a wetsuit.

Should you arrive at a beach and find a lot of holes already there, don’t worry, there are still plenty of targets that were missed. Check out the holes as you’d be surprised what other operators leave behind. Interest in shallow water metal detecting in Australia is on the increase mainly because of the huge amount of valuables being recovered by those who have already taken the plunge and invested in an underwater metal detector.

I say invested because underwater detecting can be a highly profitable hobby. Many years ago I was told about one bloke who went out and found a four or five ounce gold bracelet containing 18 diamonds. It was valued at more than $8,000 in today’s currency. Not only that but the same guy recovered a diamond ring, with one of the diamonds topping one carat.

If you can get your hands on it, read the book Diamonds in the Surf. It’s only a cheap paperback and Amazon has copies. To help you understand more about the sea, Coasts: An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology by Eric Bird, is full of useful information.

Here’s something to think about. Say for example, over the course of one year, one ring was lost on a beach per week. That’s 52 rings a year. Yes, I know people aren’t swimming there in winter but it’s an average we’re talking about. Swimming became very popular at the turn of the last century so we have 120 years in which items have been lost. That one beach could have as many as 6,240 rings in it.

Given the average weight of a gold wedding band is between three and four grams, this means there could be up to 24,960 grams of gold buried in the sand on that one beach, or, if you prefer, 802.48 ounces. There are more than 24 popular swimming beaches in Port Phillip Bay alone, so in theory there should be about 19,259 ounces of gold in the bay. And that’s just from gold rings!

This figure is probably conservative because on any hot summer’s day, thousands of people flock to the beach; some are so crowded you can barely move. How many rings are lost in one hot day, no-one really knows but it’s far more than one.

People do lose other things too, such as watches, chains, pendants, coins, bangles, bracelets. So the amount of jewellery in Port Phillip Bay alone would not be a matter of ounces but tonnes. During a trip to one of these beaches with two other underwater hunters, one guy I know bagged four rings, all gold, with a total weight of 39.5 grams. And it probably didn’t make a dent in the amount of gold in that area because it’s constantly being replaced by careless swimmers. Maybe it’s time you opened an account with the Davey Jones Bank.

Come on, what are you waiting for, sure there’s plenty of stuff on the beach proper and along the water’s edge but there’s heaps more just a few metres offshore.

Karratha Gold

Karratha is the commercial hub of a thriving and diverse primary resource industry, located in the heart of the Pilbara some 1,500km north of Perth, Western Australia. During the past decade, investment and major development has transformed the once sleepy outback town to the logistic and commercial capital of the north-west. Karratha is a town full of energy and life, which runs every minute of the day.

Karratha also holds a few secrets. Underneath all the supercharged economic activity is a little-publicised pursuit that only the locals and people-in-the-know are keen to involve themselves in – the hunt for gold.

Reports of gold finds in the region date back to the mid-1870s but for one reason or another, they attracted little attention at the time. As with the early discoveries, gold finds by electronic prospectors were largely kept a secret. The area was not all that well known for its alluvial gold, so local prospectors were generally free to carry on with their activities without much outside interference.

Since the discovery of gold 13 kilometres outside of Karratha in 2008, the town is once again in the spotlight. Unfortunately for hobbyists, there is very little information available on gold localities in the area and not surprisingly, locals are reluctant to share their secrets. As more and more people try their hand at gold prospecting, finding suitable alluvial ground is becoming increasingly more difficult. So where does someone start?

Prospecting the Murchison author, Paul von Zorich, has just released his latest book, Karratha Gold listing all the well-known, as well as some not-so-well-known, alluvial patches around the Karratha–Roebourne region. This, however, is not just another map book. It is the culmination of two seasons of research and field work. The author’s purpose was to deliver concise, accurate and up-to-date information on the gold localities in the region.

Garnets & Flies At Fullarton River

In January 1861, the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition through central Australia reached a creek that Burke named Cloncurry, after his aunt, Lady Elizabeth Cloncurry of County Galway. I very much doubt the good lady even knew where it was let alone visited the place but if she was alive today she might have wished Burke had pegged a mineral claim for her instead of just naming it after her.

Cattle and mining have contributed to the economy of Cloncurry for more than a hundred years but it has been mineral exploration that has brought to light the numerous gemstone localities we enjoy visiting today The Cloncurry area covers all of my favourite gemstones, as I mainly like hard crystals, and my favourite colours, in order, are purple, red, black and yellow. I had already been down to Kuridala and got a little purple amethyst (although a little was disappointing), so red coming next meant garnet and there was no better place to hunt them than at Fullarton River.

Cloncurry in October has always guaranteed us hot weather somewhere around the 40-degree mark, and this trip was no exception. As we travel north each year we acclimatise as we go and 40-degrees in Cloncurry is far better than 10 degrees, windy and raining, in Melbourne.

The garnet site is on Maronan Station and one of the main things the station owners insist on is no travelling on the station roads in wet weather.

We don’t bother with TV while we’re travelling, so we don’t get any weather reports and while I was filling up with fuel the day before our planned trip, I asked the garage attendant whether there was any chance of rain the next day. He gave me a look that said ‘You must be an idiot’, before answering me with, “If you run into some bring it back with you."

My First Gold Ring

Finally a ring of some worth but I must admit I did cheat. A guy I know asked me if I could look for his wedding band that he’d lost approximately 14 years ago while out fishing in waist-deep water. He showed me the spot and even though I figured my chances were none and Buckley’s, the following morning, armed with my trusty Sovereign GT and a very low tide, I gave it a go. Tuning the detector on the beach I got a signal and out popped an 1881 English threepence. Ok, so that was cool and a good way to start the hunt.

The target area was on a low, craggy reef that ran for a 100 metres or more out to sea so I detected my way towards it and a couple of pieces of junk and three sinkers later I was in the target zone. I quickly got a signal down near a sizeable crack in the reef and after a bit of digging and shifting of rocks, lo and behold there it was! Absolutely amazing. I really hadn’t held out much promise of finding it after such a long time, particularly with all the rough seas that you can get along this stretch of coast, but gold is heavy and it just stayed put pretty much where he’d lost it.

It was a happy ending all round because I got to find my first gold ring and he got his gold wedding band back after 14 years in the sea.

The Prospectors Who Missed

Since way back in 1864, when explorer Charles Cooke Hunt, threading his way from rock hole to rock hole across parched country, passed within the proverbial hair’s breadth of the spot where Bayley and Ford 28 years later made their discoveries which were to set the mining world agog, there have been many instances in Western Australian mining history of bonanzas that have been passed over by explorers and unlucky prospectors and of fortunes that have been narrowly missed through a variety of circumstances.

Fate has played some strange tricks in the gold-searching game. It is the glorious uncertainty, the fortune that is always thought to be awaiting the next stroke of the pick that has fascinated men throughout the ages, enticing them to brave hardship and death in a search for the elusive metal. What to one man has looked merely a worthless quartz outcrop has to another been a storehouse of wealth, and thousands of boots have trodden ground which later yielded wonderful slugs.

Early in 1894 a party passed within a stone’s throw of the spot, 12 miles south of Coolgardie, which all the world was to know a little later as the Londonderry, without seeing a sign of gold.

It was left to John Mills, Huxley, and their four mates to knock the precious metal from the reef, more than £30,000 being dollied by them within a few weeks. The story is told that Mills, a native of Londonderry, not long over from New South Wales, lay down to have a smoke one evening, a bold outcrop at his feet. Imagine his feelings when he found the outcrop contained gold in abundance. But Mills was not excited. After supper he told his mates he had something to show them, and leaving the camp he returned with his hands full of specimens. They worked day and night getting out the gold by the lost primitive methods, and had about 8,000oz before Coolgardie knew of their discovery.